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<body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Tooth_decay rootpage-Tooth_decay skin-vector action-view skin-vector-legacy"><div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div>
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Tooth decay</h1>
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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Deformation of teeth due to acids produced by bacteria</div>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For caries of bone, see <a href="/wiki/Osteolysis" title="Osteolysis">Osteolysis</a>.</div>
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<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Tooth decay</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Dental cavities, dental caries, cavities, caries</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Dental_Caries_Cavity_2.JPG" class="image"><img alt="Dental Caries Cavity 2.JPG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Dental_Caries_Cavity_2.JPG/300px-Dental_Caries_Cavity_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Dental_Caries_Cavity_2.JPG/450px-Dental_Caries_Cavity_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Dental_Caries_Cavity_2.JPG/600px-Dental_Caries_Cavity_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Destruction of a tooth by dental caries and disease.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Caries <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɛər/: 'are' in 'bare'">ɛər</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">Dentistry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pain, tooth loss, difficulty eating<sup id="cite_ref-Lau2014_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lau2014-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHO2012_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2012-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Periodontal_disease" title="Periodontal disease">Inflammation around the tooth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tooth_loss" title="Tooth loss">tooth loss</a>, infection or <a href="/wiki/Dental_abscess" title="Dental abscess">abscess</a> formation<sup id="cite_ref-Lau2014_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lau2014-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taber2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taber2013-3">[3]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">Long term</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data">Bacteria producing acid from food debris<sup id="cite_ref-Peads2014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peads2014-4">[4]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Diet high in simple sugar, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren_syndrome" title="Sjögren syndrome">Sjögren syndrome</a>, medications that decrease saliva<sup id="cite_ref-Peads2014_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peads2014-4">[4]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prevention</th><td class="infobox-data">Low-<a href="/wiki/Simple_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple sugar">sugar</a> diet, tooth brushing, <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluoride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dental_flossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental flossing">flossing</a><sup id="cite_ref-WHO2012_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2012-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oli2017_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oli2017-5">[5]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol</a> (acetaminophen), <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a><sup id="cite_ref-Silk2014_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silk2014-6">[6]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">3.6 billion (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2016Epi_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2016Epi-7">[7]</a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table>
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<p><b>Tooth decay</b>, also known as <b>cavities</b> or <b>caries</b>, is the breakdown of <a href="/wiki/Tooth" title="Tooth">teeth</a> due to acids produced by <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Silk2014_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silk2014-6">[6]</a></sup> The cavities may be a number of different colors from yellow to black.<sup id="cite_ref-Lau2014_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lau2014-1">[1]</a></sup> Symptoms may include pain and difficulty with eating.<sup id="cite_ref-Lau2014_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lau2014-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHO2012_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2012-2">[2]</a></sup> Complications may include <a href="/wiki/Periodontal_disease" title="Periodontal disease">inflammation of the tissue around the tooth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tooth_loss" title="Tooth loss">tooth loss</a> and infection or <a href="/wiki/Dental_abscess" title="Dental abscess">abscess</a> formation.<sup id="cite_ref-Lau2014_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lau2014-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taber2013_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taber2013-3">[3]</a></sup>
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</p><p>The cause of cavities is acid from bacteria dissolving the <a href="/wiki/Hard_tissue" title="Hard tissue">hard tissues</a> of the teeth (<a href="/wiki/Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">enamel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dentin" title="Dentin">dentin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cementum" title="Cementum">cementum</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Peads2014_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peads2014-4">[4]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acid</a> is produced by the bacteria when they break down food debris or sugar on the tooth surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Peads2014_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peads2014-4">[4]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Simple_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple sugar">Simple sugars</a> in food are these bacteria's primary energy source and thus a diet high in simple sugar is a risk factor.<sup id="cite_ref-Peads2014_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peads2014-4">[4]</a></sup> If <a href="/wiki/Remineralisation_of_teeth" title="Remineralisation of teeth">mineral breakdown</a> is greater than <a href="/wiki/Remineralisation_of_teeth" title="Remineralisation of teeth">build up</a> from sources such as <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">saliva</a>, caries results.<sup id="cite_ref-Peads2014_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peads2014-4">[4]</a></sup> Risk factors include conditions that result in less saliva such as: <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren_syndrome" title="Sjögren syndrome">Sjögren syndrome</a> and some medications.<sup id="cite_ref-Peads2014_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peads2014-4">[4]</a></sup> Medications that decrease saliva production include <a href="/wiki/Antihistamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihistamines">antihistamines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peads2014_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peads2014-4">[4]</a></sup> Dental caries are also associated with <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, poor <a href="/wiki/Oral_hygiene" title="Oral hygiene">cleaning of the mouth</a>, and receding <a href="/wiki/Gums" title="Gums">gums</a> resulting in exposure of the roots of the teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-Silk2014_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silk2014-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
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</p><p>Prevention of dental caries includes regular cleaning of the teeth, a diet low in sugar, and small amounts of <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluoride</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2012_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2012-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peads2014_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peads2014-4">[4]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brushing_one%27s_teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Brushing one's teeth">Brushing</a> one's teeth twice per day and <a href="/wiki/Flossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Flossing">flossing</a> between the teeth once a day is recommended.<sup id="cite_ref-Peads2014_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peads2014-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Silk2014_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silk2014-6">[6]</a></sup> Fluoride may be acquired from <a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation" title="Water fluoridation">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> or <a href="/wiki/Toothpaste" title="Toothpaste">toothpaste</a> among other sources.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2012_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2012-2">[2]</a></sup> Treating a mother's dental caries may decrease the risk in her children by decreasing the number of certain bacteria she may spread to them.<sup id="cite_ref-Peads2014_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peads2014-4">[4]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Screening_(medicine)" title="Screening (medicine)">Screening</a> can result in earlier detection.<sup id="cite_ref-Silk2014_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silk2014-6">[6]</a></sup> Depending on the extent of destruction, various treatments can be used to <a href="/wiki/Dental_restoration" title="Dental restoration">restore</a> the tooth to proper function or the <a href="/wiki/Dental_extraction" title="Dental extraction">tooth may be removed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Silk2014_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silk2014-6">[6]</a></sup> There is no known method to <a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(biology)" title="Regeneration (biology)">grow back</a> large amounts of tooth.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> The availability of treatment is often poor in the developing world.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2012_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2012-2">[2]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol</a> (acetaminophen) or <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a> may be taken for pain.<sup id="cite_ref-Silk2014_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silk2014-6">[6]</a></sup>
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</p><p>Worldwide, approximately 3.6 billion people (48% of the population) have dental caries in their <a href="/wiki/Permanent_teeth" title="Permanent teeth">permanent teeth</a> as of 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2016Epi_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2016Epi-7">[7]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> estimates that nearly all adults have dental caries at some point in time.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2012_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2012-2">[2]</a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Baby_teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby teeth">baby teeth</a> it affects about 620 million people or 9% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2012Epi_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2012Epi-10">[10]</a></sup> They have become more common in both children and adults in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> The disease is most common in the developed world due to greater simple sugar consumption and less common in the developing world.<sup id="cite_ref-Silk2014_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silk2014-6">[6]</a></sup> Caries is <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "rottenness".<sup id="cite_ref-Taber2013_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taber2013-3">[3]</a></sup>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
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<ul>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Signs_and_symptoms"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Signs and symptoms</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Cause"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Cause</span></a>
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<ul>
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Bacteria"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bacteria</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Dietary_sugars"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Dietary sugars</span></a></li>
|
||
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Exposure"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Exposure</span></a></li>
|
||
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Teeth"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Teeth</span></a></li>
|
||
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Other_factors"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Other factors</span></a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Pathophysiology"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Pathophysiology</span></a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Enamel"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Enamel</span></a></li>
|
||
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Dentin"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Dentin</span></a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Sclerotic_dentin"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sclerotic dentin</span></a></li>
|
||
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Tertiary_dentin"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Tertiary dentin</span></a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Cementum"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Cementum</span></a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Diagnosis"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Diagnosis</span></a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Classification"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Classification</span></a></li>
|
||
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Early_childhood_caries"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Early childhood caries</span></a></li>
|
||
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Rate_of_progression"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Rate of progression</span></a></li>
|
||
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Affected_hard_tissue"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Affected hard tissue</span></a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Prevention"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Prevention</span></a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Oral_hygiene"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Oral hygiene</span></a></li>
|
||
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Dietary_modification"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Dietary modification</span></a></li>
|
||
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Other_measures"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Other measures</span></a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Treatment"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Treatment</span></a></li>
|
||
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Epidemiology"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Epidemiology</span></a></li>
|
||
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Etymology_and_usage"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology and usage</span></a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Society_and_culture"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Society and culture</span></a></li>
|
||
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Other_animals"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Other animals</span></a></li>
|
||
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
|
||
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Cited_sources"><span class="tocnumber">12.1</span> <span class="toctext">Cited sources</span></a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth_decay&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
|
||
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:ToothMontage3.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Montage of four pictures: three photographs and one radiograph of the same tooth." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/ToothMontage3.jpg/220px-ToothMontage3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/ToothMontage3.jpg/330px-ToothMontage3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/ToothMontage3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="367" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:ToothMontage3.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><b>(A)</b> A small spot of decay visible on the surface of a tooth. <b>(B)</b> The radiograph reveals an extensive region of demineralization within the dentin (arrows). <b>(C)</b> A hole is discovered on the side of the tooth at the beginning of decay removal. <b>(D)</b> All decay removed; ready for a <a href="/wiki/Dental_restoration" title="Dental restoration">filling</a>.</div></div></div>
|
||
<p>A person experiencing caries may not be aware of the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> The earliest sign of a new carious <a href="/wiki/Lesion" title="Lesion">lesion</a> is the appearance of a chalky white spot on the surface of the tooth, indicating an area of <a href="/wiki/Demineralization_(physiology)" title="Demineralization (physiology)">demineralization of enamel</a>. This is referred to as a white spot lesion, an incipient carious lesion or a "micro-cavity".<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-13">[13]</a></sup> As the lesion continues to demineralize, it can turn brown but will eventually turn into a cavitation ("cavity"). Before the cavity forms, the process is reversible, but once a cavity forms, the lost tooth structure cannot be <a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(biology)" title="Regeneration (biology)">regenerated</a>.
|
||
A lesion that appears dark brown and shiny suggests dental caries were once present but the demineralization process has stopped, leaving a stain. Active decay is lighter in color and dull in appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
|
||
</p><p>As the <a href="/wiki/Enamel_organ" title="Enamel organ">enamel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dentin" title="Dentin">dentin</a> are destroyed, the cavity becomes more noticeable. The affected areas of the tooth change color and become soft to the touch. Once the decay passes through the enamel, the <a href="/wiki/Dentinal_tubules" class="mw-redirect" title="Dentinal tubules">dentinal tubules</a>, which have passages to the nerve of the tooth, become exposed, resulting in pain that can be transient, temporarily worsening with exposure to heat, cold, or sweet foods and drinks.<sup id="cite_ref-medline_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medline-15">[15]</a></sup> A tooth weakened by extensive internal decay can sometimes suddenly <a href="/wiki/Bone_fracture" title="Bone fracture">fracture</a> under normal chewing forces. When the decay has progressed enough to allow the bacteria to overwhelm the pulp tissue in the center of the tooth, a <a href="/wiki/Toothache" title="Toothache">toothache</a> can result and the pain will become more constant. Death of the pulp tissue and infection are common consequences. The tooth will no longer be sensitive to hot or cold but can be very tender to pressure.
|
||
</p><p>Dental caries can also cause <a href="/wiki/Halitosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Halitosis">bad breath</a> and foul tastes.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> In highly progressed cases, an infection can spread from the tooth to the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Soft_tissue" title="Soft tissue">soft tissues</a>. Complications such as <a href="/wiki/Cavernous_sinus_thrombosis" title="Cavernous sinus thrombosis">cavernous sinus thrombosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig%27s_angina" title="Ludwig's angina">Ludwig angina</a> can be life-threatening.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Cause">Cause</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth_decay&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cause">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
|
||
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dental_caries_etiology_diagram.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Dental_caries_etiology_diagram.png/220px-Dental_caries_etiology_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Dental_caries_etiology_diagram.png/330px-Dental_caries_etiology_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Dental_caries_etiology_diagram.png/440px-Dental_caries_etiology_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="3028" data-file-height="1856" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Dental_caries_etiology_diagram.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Diagrammatic representation of acidogenic theory of causation of dental caries. Four factors, namely, a suitable carbohydrate substrate <b>(1)</b>, micro-organisms in dental plaque <b>(2)</b>, a susceptible tooth surface <b>(3)</b> and time <b>(4)</b>; must be present together for dental caries to occur <b>(5)</b>. Saliva <b>(6)</b> and fluoride <b>(7)</b> are modifying factors.</div></div></div>
|
||
<p>Four things are required for caries to form: a tooth surface (enamel or dentin), caries-causing bacteria, fermentable <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a>), and time.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> This involves <a href="/wiki/Adhesion" title="Adhesion">adherence</a> of food to the teeth and <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acid</a> creation by the bacteria that makes up the <a href="/wiki/Dental_plaque" title="Dental plaque">dental plaque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> However, these four criteria are not always enough to cause the disease and a sheltered environment promoting development of a cariogenic biofilm is required. The caries disease process does not have an inevitable outcome, and different individuals will be susceptible to different degrees depending on the shape of their teeth, <a href="/wiki/Oral_hygiene" title="Oral hygiene">oral hygiene</a> habits, and the <a href="/wiki/Buffering_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffering capacity">buffering capacity</a> of their saliva. Dental caries can occur on any surface of a tooth that is exposed to the oral cavity, but not the structures that are retained within the bone.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>
|
||
</p><p>Tooth decay is caused by <a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilm</a> (dental plaque) lying on the teeth and maturing to become cariogenic (causing decay). Certain bacteria in the biofilm produce <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acid</a> in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">fermentable</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardie1982_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardie1982-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-holloway1983_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holloway1983-24">[24]</a></sup>
|
||
</p><p>Caries occur more often in people from the lower end of the socio-economic scale than people from the upper end of the socio-economic scale.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bacteria">Bacteria</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth_decay&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bacteria">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
|
||
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Streptococcus_mutans_01.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Streptococcus_mutans_01.jpg/220px-Streptococcus_mutans_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Streptococcus_mutans_01.jpg/330px-Streptococcus_mutans_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Streptococcus_mutans_01.jpg/440px-Streptococcus_mutans_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="481" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Streptococcus_mutans_01.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A <a href="/wiki/Gram_stain" title="Gram stain">Gram stain</a> image of <i>Streptococcus mutans</i>.</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Oral_ecology" title="Oral ecology">Oral ecology</a></div>
|
||
<p>The most common bacteria associated with dental cavities are the mutans streptococci, most prominently <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_mutans" title="Streptococcus mutans">Streptococcus mutans</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_sobrinus" title="Streptococcus sobrinus">Streptococcus sobrinus</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus" title="Lactobacillus">lactobacilli</a>. However, cariogenic bacteria (the ones that can cause the disease) are present in dental plaque, but they are usually in too low concentrations to cause problems unless there is a shift in the balance.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> This is driven by local environmental change, such as frequent sugar intake or inadequate biofilm removal (toothbrushing).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> If left untreated, the <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a> can lead to pain, <a href="/wiki/Tooth_loss" title="Tooth loss">tooth loss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup>
|
||
</p><p>The mouth contains a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Oral_ecology" title="Oral ecology">oral bacteria</a>, but only a few specific species of bacteria are believed to cause dental caries: <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_mutans" title="Streptococcus mutans">Streptococcus mutans</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus" title="Lactobacillus">Lactobacillus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> among them. <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_mutans" title="Streptococcus mutans">Streptococcus mutans</a></i> are gram-positive bacteria which constitute biofilms on the surface of teeth. These organisms can produce high levels of lactic acid following <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermentation</a> of dietary sugars and are resistant to the adverse effects of low pH, properties essential for cariogenic bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardie1982_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardie1982-23">[23]</a></sup> As the <a href="/wiki/Cementum" title="Cementum">cementum</a> of root surfaces is more easily demineralized than enamel surfaces, a wider variety of bacteria can cause root caries, including <i><a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus_acidophilus" title="Lactobacillus acidophilus">Lactobacillus acidophilus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Actinomyces" title="Actinomyces">Actinomyces spp.</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nocardia_spp." class="mw-redirect" title="Nocardia spp.">Nocardia spp.</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_mutans" title="Streptococcus mutans">Streptococcus mutans</a></i>. Bacteria collect around the teeth and gums in a sticky, creamy-coloured mass called <a href="/wiki/Dental_plaque" title="Dental plaque">plaque</a>, which serves as a <a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilm</a>. Some sites collect plaque more commonly than others, for example, sites with a low rate of salivary flow (molar fissures). Grooves on the <a href="/wiki/Occlusion_(dentistry)" title="Occlusion (dentistry)">occlusal</a> surfaces of <a href="/wiki/Molar_(tooth)" title="Molar (tooth)">molar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Premolar" title="Premolar">premolar</a> teeth provide microscopic retention sites for plaque bacteria, as do the interproximal sites. Plaque may also collect above or below the <a href="/wiki/Gingiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Gingiva">gingiva</a>, where it is referred to as supra- or sub-gingival plaque, respectively.
|
||
</p><p>These bacterial strains, most notably <i>S. mutans</i>, can be inherited by a child from a caretaker's <a href="/wiki/Kiss" title="Kiss">kiss</a> or through feeding <a href="/wiki/Premastication" title="Premastication">pre-masticated</a> food.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Dietary_sugars">Dietary sugars</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth_decay&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dietary sugars">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
|
||
<p>Bacteria in a person's mouth convert <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>, and most commonly <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a> (table sugar) into acids such as <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a> through a <a href="/wiki/Glycolytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycolytic">glycolytic</a> process called <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">fermentation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-holloway1983_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holloway1983-24">[24]</a></sup> If left in contact with the tooth, these acids may cause demineralization, which is the dissolution of its mineral content. The process is dynamic, however, as <a href="/wiki/Remineralisation_of_teeth" title="Remineralisation of teeth">remineralization</a> can also occur if the acid is <a href="/wiki/Neutralization_(chemistry)" title="Neutralization (chemistry)">neutralized</a> by saliva or <a href="/wiki/Mouthwash" title="Mouthwash">mouthwash</a>. Fluoride toothpaste or dental varnish may aid remineralization.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> If demineralization continues over time, enough mineral content may be lost so that the soft <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic</a> material left behind disintegrates, forming a cavity or hole. The impact such sugars have on the progress of dental caries is called cariogenicity. Sucrose, although a bound glucose and fructose unit, is in fact more cariogenic than a mixture of equal parts of glucose and fructose. This is due to the bacteria utilising the energy in the saccharide bond between the glucose and fructose subunits. <i>S.mutans</i> adheres to the biofilm on the tooth by converting sucrose into an extremely adhesive substance called <a href="/wiki/Dextran" title="Dextran">dextran</a> polysaccharide by the enzyme dextran sucranase.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Exposure">Exposure</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth_decay&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Exposure">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
|
||
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephan_curve.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Stephan_curve.png/220px-Stephan_curve.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Stephan_curve.png/330px-Stephan_curve.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Stephan_curve.png/440px-Stephan_curve.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="390" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephan_curve.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>"Stephan curve", showing sudden decrease in plaque pH following glucose rinse, which returns to normal after 30–60 min. Net demineralization of dental hard tissues occurs below the critical pH (5.5), shown in yellow.</div></div></div>
|
||
<p>The frequency with which teeth are exposed to cariogenic (acidic) environments affects the likelihood of caries development.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After meals or <a href="/wiki/Snack_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Snack food">snacks</a>, the bacteria in the mouth <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolize</a> sugar, resulting in an acidic by-product that decreases pH. As time progresses, the pH returns to normal due to the buffering capacity of <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">saliva</a> and the dissolved mineral content of tooth surfaces. During every exposure to the acidic environment, portions of the inorganic mineral content at the surface of teeth dissolve and can remain dissolved for two hours.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> Since teeth are vulnerable during these acidic periods, the development of dental caries relies heavily on the frequency of acid exposure.
|
||
</p><p>The carious process can begin within days of a tooth's erupting into the mouth if the diet is sufficiently rich in suitable carbohydrates. Evidence suggests that the introduction of fluoride treatments has slowed the process.<sup id="cite_ref-summit75_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-summit75-33">[33]</a></sup> Proximal caries take an average of four years to pass through enamel in permanent teeth. Because the cementum enveloping the root surface is not nearly as durable as the enamel encasing the <a href="/wiki/Crown_(tooth)" title="Crown (tooth)">crown</a>, root caries tend to progress much more rapidly than decay on other surfaces. The progression and loss of mineralization on the root surface is 2.5 times faster than caries in enamel. In very severe cases where oral hygiene is very poor and where the diet is very rich in fermentable carbohydrates, caries may cause cavities within months of tooth eruption. This can occur, for example, when children continuously drink sugary drinks from baby bottles (see later discussion).
|
||
</p>
|
||
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Teeth">Teeth</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth_decay&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Teeth">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0864_ToothDecay.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Blausen_0864_ToothDecay.svg/300px-Blausen_0864_ToothDecay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="239" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Blausen_0864_ToothDecay.svg/450px-Blausen_0864_ToothDecay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Blausen_0864_ToothDecay.svg/600px-Blausen_0864_ToothDecay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="408" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0864_ToothDecay.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Tooth decay</div></div></div>
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<p>There are certain diseases and disorders affecting teeth that may leave an individual at a greater risk for cavities.
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</p><p>Molar incisor hypo-mineralization, which seems to be increasingly common.<sup id="cite_ref-MastRodrigueztapia2013_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MastRodrigueztapia2013-34">[34]</a></sup> While the cause is unknown it is thought to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> Possible contributing factors that have been investigated include systemic factors such as high levels of <a href="/wiki/Dioxins_and_dioxin-like_compounds" title="Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds">dioxins</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">polychlorinated biphenyl</a> (PCB) in the mother's milk, <a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">premature birth</a> and oxygen deprivation at birth, and certain disorders during the child's first 3 years such as such as <a href="/wiki/Mumps" title="Mumps">mumps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_fever" title="Scarlet fever">scarlet fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypoparathyroidism" title="Hypoparathyroidism">hypoparathyroidism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malabsorption" title="Malabsorption">malabsorption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypovitaminosis_D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypovitaminosis D">hypo-vitaminosis D</a>, chronic <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">respiratory diseases</a>, or undiagnosed and untreated <a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">coeliac disease</a>, which usually presents with mild or absent gastrointestinal symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-MastRodrigueztapia2013_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MastRodrigueztapia2013-34">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WilliamMesser2006_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilliamMesser2006-36">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIH_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH-37">[37]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FerrazCampos2012_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FerrazCampos2012-38">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RashidZarkadas2011_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RashidZarkadas2011-39">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GiucaCei2010_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GiucaCei2010-40">[40]</a></sup>
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</p><p><a href="/wiki/Amelogenesis_imperfecta" title="Amelogenesis imperfecta">Amelogenesis imperfecta</a>, which occurs in between 1 in 718 and 1 in 14,000 individuals, is a disease in which the enamel does not fully form or forms in insufficient amounts and can fall off a tooth.<sup id="cite_ref-neville89_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neville89-41">[41]</a></sup> In both cases, teeth may be left more vulnerable to decay because the enamel is not able to protect the tooth.<sup id="cite_ref-neville94_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neville94-42">[42]</a></sup>
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</p><p>In most people, disorders or diseases affecting teeth are not the primary cause of dental caries. Approximately 96% of tooth enamel is composed of minerals.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> These minerals, especially <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyapatite" title="Hydroxyapatite">hydroxyapatite</a>, will become soluble when exposed to acidic environments. Enamel begins to demineralize at a pH of 5.5.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> Dentin and cementum are more susceptible to caries than <a href="/wiki/Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">enamel</a> because they have lower mineral content.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> Thus, when root surfaces of teeth are exposed from gingival recession or periodontal disease, caries can develop more readily. Even in a healthy oral environment, however, the tooth is susceptible to dental caries.
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</p><p>The evidence for linking malocclusion and/or crowding to dental caries is weak;<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup> however, the anatomy of teeth may affect the likelihood of caries formation. Where the deep developmental grooves of teeth are more numerous and exaggerated, pit and fissure caries is more likely to develop (see next section). Also, caries is more likely to develop when food is trapped between teeth.
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</p>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_factors">Other factors</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth_decay&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other factors">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<p>Reduced salivary flow rate is associated with increased caries since the buffering capability of saliva is not present to counterbalance the acidic environment created by certain foods. As a result, medical conditions that reduce the amount of saliva produced by <a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">salivary glands</a>, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Submandibular_gland" title="Submandibular gland">submandibular gland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parotid_gland" title="Parotid gland">parotid gland</a>, are likely to lead to <a href="/wiki/Xerostomia" title="Xerostomia">dry mouth</a> and thus to widespread tooth decay. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren_syndrome" title="Sjögren syndrome">Sjögren syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_insipidus" title="Diabetes insipidus">diabetes insipidus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sarcoidosis" title="Sarcoidosis">sarcoidosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-neville398_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neville398-48">[48]</a></sup> Medications, such as antihistamines and antidepressants, can also impair salivary flow. Stimulants, most notoriously <a href="/wiki/Methylamphetamine" title="Methylamphetamine">methylamphetamine</a>, also occlude the flow of saliva to an extreme degree. This is known as <a href="/wiki/Meth_mouth" title="Meth mouth">meth mouth</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">Tetrahydrocannabinol</a> (THC), the active chemical substance in <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a>, also causes a nearly complete occlusion of salivation, known in colloquial terms as "cotton mouth". Moreover, 63% of the most commonly prescribed medications in the United States list dry mouth as a known side-effect.<sup id="cite_ref-neville398_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neville398-48">[48]</a></sup> Radiation therapy of the head and neck may also damage the <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> in salivary glands, somewhat increasing the likelihood of caries formation.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup>
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</p><p>Susceptibility to caries can be related to altered metabolism in the tooth, in particular to fluid flow in the <a href="/wiki/Dentin" title="Dentin">dentin</a>. Experiments on rats have shown that a high-sucrose, cariogenic diet "significantly suppresses the rate of fluid motion" in dentin.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup>
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</p><p>The use of <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> may also increase the risk for caries formation. Some brands of <a href="/wiki/Dipping_tobacco" title="Dipping tobacco">smokeless tobacco</a> contain high sugar content, increasing susceptibility to caries.<sup id="cite_ref-neville347_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neville347-52">[52]</a></sup> Tobacco use is a significant risk factor for periodontal disease, which can cause the <a href="/wiki/Gingiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Gingiva">gingiva</a> to <a href="/wiki/Receding_gums" class="mw-redirect" title="Receding gums">recede</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> As the gingiva loses attachment to the teeth due to gingival recession, the root surface becomes more visible in the mouth. If this occurs, root caries is a concern since the cementum covering the roots of teeth is more easily demineralized by acids than enamel.<sup id="cite_ref-banting19_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banting19-54">[54]</a></sup> Currently, there is not enough evidence to support a causal relationship between smoking and coronal caries, but evidence does suggest a relationship between smoking and root-surface caries.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup>
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Exposure of children to <a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">secondhand tobacco smoke</a> is associated with tooth decay.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup>
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</p><p>Intrauterine and neonatal <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> exposure promote tooth decay.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup> Besides lead, all <a href="/wiki/Atoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Atoms">atoms</a> with <a href="/wiki/Electrical_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical charge">electrical charge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ionic_radius" title="Ionic radius">ionic radius</a> similar to bivalent <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup>
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such as <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>, mimic the calcium <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a> and therefore exposure to them may promote tooth decay.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup>
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</p><p>Poverty is also a significant social determinant for oral health.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup> Dental caries have been linked with lower socio-economic status and can be considered a disease of poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup>
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</p><p>Forms are available for risk assessment for caries when treating dental cases; this system using the evidence-based <a href="/wiki/CAMBRA" title="CAMBRA">Caries Management by Risk Assessment</a> (CAMBRA).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup> It is still unknown if the identification of high-risk individuals can lead to more effective long-term patient management that prevents caries initiation and arrests or reverses the progression of lesions.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup>
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</p><p><a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">Saliva</a> also contains <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor" title="Epidermal growth factor">EGF</a>. EGF results effective in cellular proliferation, differentiation and survival.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbst_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbst-70">[70]</a></sup> Salivary EGF, which seems also regulated by dietary inorganic <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a>, plays an important physiological role in the maintenance of oral (and gastro-oesophageal) tissue integrity, and, on the other hand, iodine is effective in prevention of dental caries and oral health.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup>
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</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth_decay&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pathophysiology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:445px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dental_carries_anaerobic_fermentation.tiff" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dental_carries_anaerobic_fermentation.tiff/lossless-page1-443px-Dental_carries_anaerobic_fermentation.tiff.png" decoding="async" width="443" height="332" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dental_carries_anaerobic_fermentation.tiff/lossless-page1-665px-Dental_carries_anaerobic_fermentation.tiff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dental_carries_anaerobic_fermentation.tiff/lossless-page1-886px-Dental_carries_anaerobic_fermentation.tiff.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Dental_carries_anaerobic_fermentation.tiff" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Microbe communities attach to tooth surface and create a biofilm. As the biofilm grows an anaerobic environment forms from the oxygen being used up. Microbes use sucrose and other dietary sugars as a food source. The dietary sugars go through anaerobic fermentation pathways producing lactate. The lactate is excreted from the cell onto the tooth enamel then ionizes. The lactate ions demineralize the hydroxyapatite crystals causing the tooth to be degraded.</div></div></div>
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pit-and-Fissure-Caries-GIF.gif" class="image"><img alt="Animated image showing the shape progression of a caries lesion in the fissure of a tooth." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Pit-and-Fissure-Caries-GIF.gif/150px-Pit-and-Fissure-Caries-GIF.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="273" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Pit-and-Fissure-Caries-GIF.gif/225px-Pit-and-Fissure-Caries-GIF.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Pit-and-Fissure-Caries-GIF.gif 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="509" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Pit-and-Fissure-Caries-GIF.gif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The progression of pit and fissure caries resembles two triangles with their bases meeting along the junction of enamel and dentin.</div></div></div>
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<p>Teeth are bathed in saliva and have a coating of bacteria on them (<a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilm</a>) that continually forms. The development of biofilm begins with <a href="/wiki/Dental_pellicle" title="Dental pellicle">pellicle</a> formation. Pellicle is an acellular proteinaceous film which covers the teeth. Bacteria colonize on the teeth by adhering to the pellicle-coated surface. Over time, a mature biofilm is formed and this create a cariogenic environment on the tooth surface.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup> The minerals in the hard tissues of the teeth (<a href="/wiki/Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">enamel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dentin" title="Dentin">dentin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cementum" title="Cementum">cementum</a>) are constantly undergoing processes of demineralization and <a href="/wiki/Remineralisation_of_teeth" title="Remineralisation of teeth">remineralization</a>. Dental caries results when the demineralization rate is faster than the remineralization and there is net mineral loss. This happens when there is an ecologic shift within the dental biofilm, from a balanced population of micro-organisms to a population that produce acids and can survive in an acid environment.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup>
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</p>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Enamel">Enamel</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth_decay&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Enamel">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<p>Tooth enamel is a highly mineralized acellular tissue, and caries act upon it through a chemical process brought on by the acidic environment produced by bacteria. As the bacteria consume the sugar and use it for their own energy, they produce lactic acid. The effects of this process include the demineralization of crystals in the enamel, caused by acids, over time until the bacteria physically penetrate the dentin. <a href="/wiki/Enamel_rod" class="mw-redirect" title="Enamel rod">Enamel rods</a>, which are the basic unit of the enamel structure, run perpendicularly from the surface of the tooth to the dentin. Since demineralization of enamel by caries, in general, follows the direction of the enamel rods, the different triangular patterns between pit and fissure and smooth-surface caries develop in the enamel because the orientation of enamel rods are different in the two areas of the tooth.<sup id="cite_ref-kidd_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kidd-75">[75]</a></sup>
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</p><p>As the enamel loses minerals, and dental caries progresses, the enamel develops several distinct zones, visible under a light microscope. From the deepest layer of the enamel to the enamel surface, the identified areas are the: translucent zone, dark zones, body of the lesion, and surface zone.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup> The translucent zone is the first visible sign of caries and coincides with a one to two percent loss of minerals.<sup id="cite_ref-robinson_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robinson-77">[77]</a></sup> A slight remineralization of enamel occurs in the dark zone, which serves as an example of how the development of dental caries is an active process with alternating changes.<sup id="cite_ref-cate417_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cate417-78">[78]</a></sup> The area of greatest demineralization and destruction is in the body of the lesion itself. The surface zone remains relatively mineralized and is present until the loss of tooth structure results in a cavitation.
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</p>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Dentin">Dentin</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth_decay&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dentin">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<p>Unlike enamel, the <a href="/wiki/Dentin" title="Dentin">dentin</a> reacts to the progression of dental caries. After <a href="/wiki/Tooth_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Tooth development">tooth formation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ameloblast" title="Ameloblast">ameloblasts</a>, which produce enamel, are destroyed once <a href="/wiki/Amelogenesis" title="Amelogenesis">enamel formation</a> is complete and thus cannot later regenerate enamel after its destruction. On the other hand, dentin is <a href="/wiki/Dentinogenesis" title="Dentinogenesis">produced</a> continuously throughout life by <a href="/wiki/Odontoblast" title="Odontoblast">odontoblasts</a>, which reside at the border between the pulp and dentin. Since odontoblasts are present, a stimulus, such as caries, can trigger a biologic response. These defense mechanisms include the formation of sclerotic and <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_dentin" title="Tertiary dentin">tertiary dentin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup>
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</p><p>In dentin from the deepest layer to the enamel, the distinct areas affected by caries are the advancing front, the zone of bacterial penetration, and the zone of destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-kidd_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kidd-75">[75]</a></sup> The advancing front represents a zone of demineralized dentin due to acid and has no bacteria present. The zones of bacterial penetration and destruction are the locations of invading bacteria and ultimately the decomposition of dentin. The zone of destruction has a more mixed bacterial population where proteolytic enzymes have destroyed the organic matrix. The innermost dentin caries has been reversibly attacked because the collagen matrix is not severely damaged, giving it potential for repair.
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</p>
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<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Smooth_Surface_Caries_GIF.gif" class="image"><img alt="Animated image showing the shape progression of a caries lesion in the cervical region of a tooth." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Smooth_Surface_Caries_GIF.gif/150px-Smooth_Surface_Caries_GIF.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="273" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Smooth_Surface_Caries_GIF.gif/225px-Smooth_Surface_Caries_GIF.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Smooth_Surface_Caries_GIF.gif 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="509" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Smooth_Surface_Caries_GIF.gif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The faster spread of caries through dentin creates this triangular appearance in smooth surface caries.</div></div></div>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Sclerotic_dentin">Sclerotic dentin</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth_decay&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sclerotic dentin">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
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<p>The structure of dentin is an arrangement of microscopic channels, called <a href="/wiki/Dental_canaliculi" title="Dental canaliculi">dentinal tubules</a>, which radiate outward from the pulp chamber to the exterior cementum or enamel border.<sup id="cite_ref-ross450_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ross450-80">[80]</a></sup> The diameter of the dentinal tubules is largest near the pulp (about 2.5 μm) and smallest (about 900 nm) at the junction of dentin and enamel.<sup id="cite_ref-cate152_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cate152-81">[81]</a></sup> The carious process continues through the dentinal tubules, which are responsible for the triangular patterns resulting from the progression of caries deep into the tooth. The tubules also allow caries to progress faster.
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</p><p>In response, the fluid inside the tubules brings <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunoglobulin">immunoglobulins</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> to fight the bacterial infection. At the same time, there is an increase of mineralization of the surrounding tubules.<sup id="cite_ref-summit13_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-summit13-82">[82]</a></sup> This results in a constriction of the tubules, which is an attempt to slow the bacterial progression. In addition, as the acid from the bacteria demineralizes the <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyapatite" title="Hydroxyapatite">hydroxyapatite</a> crystals, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> are released, allowing for the precipitation of more crystals which fall deeper into the dentinal tubule. These crystals form a barrier and slow the advancement of caries. After these protective responses, the dentin is considered sclerotic.
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</p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamic_theory_(dentistry)" title="Hydrodynamic theory (dentistry)">hydrodynamic theory</a>, fluids within dentinal tubules are believed to be the mechanism by which pain receptors are triggered within the pulp of the tooth.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup> Since sclerotic dentin prevents the passage of such fluids, pain that would otherwise serve as a warning of the invading bacteria may not develop at first.
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</p>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Tertiary_dentin">Tertiary dentin</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth_decay&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tertiary dentin">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_dentin" title="Tertiary dentin">Tertiary dentin</a></div>
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<p>In response to dental caries, there may be production of more dentin toward the direction of the pulp. This new dentin is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_dentin" title="Tertiary dentin">tertiary dentin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cate152_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cate152-81">[81]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_dentin" title="Tertiary dentin">Tertiary dentin</a> is produced to protect the pulp for as long as possible from the advancing bacteria. As more tertiary dentin is produced, the size of the pulp decreases. This type of dentin has been subdivided according to the presence or absence of the original odontoblasts.<sup id="cite_ref-transdentinal_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transdentinal-84">[84]</a></sup> If the odontoblasts survive long enough to react to the dental caries, then the dentin produced is called "reactionary" dentin. If the odontoblasts are killed, the dentin produced is called "reparative" dentin.
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</p><p>In the case of reparative dentin, other cells are needed to assume the role of the destroyed odontoblasts. <a href="/wiki/Growth_factor" title="Growth factor">Growth factors</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF beta">TGF-β</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-transdentinal_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transdentinal-84">[84]</a></sup> are thought to initiate the production of reparative dentin by <a href="/wiki/Fibroblast" title="Fibroblast">fibroblasts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesenchymal_stem_cell" title="Mesenchymal stem cell">mesenchymal</a> cells of the pulp.<sup id="cite_ref-summit14_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-summit14-85">[85]</a></sup> Reparative dentin is produced at an average of 1.5 μm/day, but can be increased to 3.5 μm/day. The resulting dentin contains irregularly shaped dentinal tubules that may not line up with existing dentinal tubules. This diminishes the ability for dental caries to progress within the dentinal tubules.
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</p>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cementum">Cementum</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth_decay&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cementum">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<p>The incidence of cemental caries increases in older adults as gingival recession occurs from either trauma or periodontal disease. It is a chronic condition that forms a large, shallow lesion and slowly invades first the root's <a href="/wiki/Cementum" title="Cementum">cementum</a> and then dentin to cause a chronic infection of the pulp (see further discussion under classification by affected hard tissue). Because dental pain is a late finding, many lesions are not detected early, resulting in restorative challenges and increased tooth loss.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup>
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</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth_decay&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Diagnosis">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:102px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dental_explorer.png" class="image"><img alt="Curved tip of a small metal probe, tapering to a point." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Dental_explorer.png/100px-Dental_explorer.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="222" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Dental_explorer.png/150px-Dental_explorer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Dental_explorer.png/200px-Dental_explorer.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="2332" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Dental_explorer.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The tip of a <a href="/wiki/Dental_explorer" title="Dental explorer">dental explorer</a>, which is used for caries diagnosis</div></div></div>
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dental_infectionMark.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dental_infectionMark.png/220px-Dental_infectionMark.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dental_infectionMark.png/330px-Dental_infectionMark.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dental_infectionMark.png/440px-Dental_infectionMark.png 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="1036" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Dental_infectionMark.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A dental infection resulting in an abscess and inflammation of the maxillary sinus</div></div></div>
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lp473524f2_online.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lp473524f2_online.jpg/220px-Lp473524f2_online.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lp473524f2_online.jpg/330px-Lp473524f2_online.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lp473524f2_online.jpg/440px-Lp473524f2_online.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="658" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Lp473524f2_online.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Tooth samples imaged with a non-coherent continuous light source (row 1), LSI (row 2) and pseudo-color visualization of LSI (row 3).<sup id="cite_ref-Deana2013_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deana2013-87">[87]</a></sup></div></div></div>
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<p>The presentation of caries is highly variable. However, the risk factors and stages of development are similar. Initially, it may appear as a small chalky area (smooth surface caries), which may eventually develop into a large cavitation. Sometimes caries may be directly visible. However other methods of detection such as <a href="/wiki/Radiography" title="Radiography">X-rays</a> are used for less visible areas of teeth and to judge the extent of destruction. Lasers for detecting caries allow detection without ionizing radiation and are now used for detection of interproximal decay (between the teeth).
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</p><p>Primary <a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">diagnosis</a> involves inspection of all visible tooth surfaces using a good light source, <a href="/wiki/Mouth_mirror" title="Mouth mirror">dental mirror</a> and <a href="/wiki/Explorer_(dental)" class="mw-redirect" title="Explorer (dental)">explorer</a>. Dental <a href="/wiki/Radiographs" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiographs">radiographs</a> (<a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a>) may show dental caries before it is otherwise visible, in particular caries between the teeth. Large areas of dental caries are often apparent to the naked eye, but smaller lesions can be difficult to identify. Visual and <a href="/wiki/Tactition" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactition">tactile</a> inspection along with radiographs are employed frequently among dentists, in particular to diagnose pit and fissure caries.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup> Early, uncavitated caries is often diagnosed by blowing air across the suspect surface, which removes moisture and changes the optical properties of the unmineralized enamel.
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</p><p>Some dental researchers have cautioned against the use of dental explorers to find caries,<sup id="cite_ref-summit31_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-summit31-89">[89]</a></sup> in particular sharp ended explorers. In cases where a small area of tooth has begun demineralizing but has not yet cavitated, the pressure from the dental explorer could cause a cavity. Since the carious process is reversible before a cavity is present, it may be possible to arrest caries with <a href="/wiki/Fluoride_therapy" title="Fluoride therapy">fluoride</a> and remineralize the tooth surface. When a cavity is present, a restoration will be needed to replace the lost tooth structure.
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</p><p>At times, pit and fissure caries may be difficult to detect. Bacteria can penetrate the enamel to reach dentin, but then the outer surface may remineralize, especially if fluoride is present.<sup id="cite_ref-HC_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC-90">[90]</a></sup> These caries, sometimes referred to as "hidden caries", will still be visible on X-ray radiographs, but visual examination of the tooth would show the enamel intact or minimally perforated.
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</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">differential diagnosis</a> for dental caries includes <a href="/wiki/Dental_fluorosis" title="Dental fluorosis">dental fluorosis</a> and developmental defects of the tooth including hypomineralization of the tooth and <a href="/wiki/Hypoplasia" title="Hypoplasia">hypoplasia</a> of the tooth.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup>
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</p><p>The early carious lesion is characterized by demineralization of the tooth surface, altering the tooth's optical properties. Technology utilizing <a href="/wiki/Speckle_pattern" class="mw-redirect" title="Speckle pattern">laser speckle image</a> (LSI) techniques may provide a diagnostic aid to detect early carious lesions.<sup id="cite_ref-Deana2013_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deana2013-87">[87]</a></sup>
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</p>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification">Classification</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth_decay&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:GV-BLACK.JPG" class="image"><img alt="Chart showing digitally drawn images of caries locations and their associated classifications." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/GV-BLACK.JPG/220px-GV-BLACK.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/GV-BLACK.JPG/330px-GV-BLACK.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/GV-BLACK.JPG/440px-GV-BLACK.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="421" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:GV-BLACK.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Greene_Vardiman_Black" title="Greene Vardiman Black">G. V. Black</a> Classification of Restorations</div></div></div>
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<p>Caries can be classified by location, etiology, rate of progression, and affected hard tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-sonis139_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sonis139-92">[92]</a></sup> These forms of classification can be used to characterize a particular case of tooth decay in order to more accurately represent the condition to others and also indicate the severity of tooth destruction. In some instances, caries is described in other ways that might indicate the cause. The G. V. Black classification is as follows:
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</p>
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<ul><li>Class I – occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth, buccal or lingual pits on molars, lingual pit near cingulum of maxillary incisors</li>
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<li>Class II – proximal surfaces of posterior teeth</li>
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<li>Class III – interproximal surfaces of anterior teeth without incisal edge involvement</li>
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<li>Class IV – interproximal surfaces of anterior teeth with incisal edge involvement</li>
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<li>Class V – cervical third of facial or lingual surface of tooth</li>
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<li>Class VI – incisal or occlusal edge is worn away due to attrition</li></ul>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_childhood_caries">Early childhood caries</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth_decay&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Early childhood caries">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Suspectedmethmouth09-19-05closeup.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Photograph of teeth and gums on the lower right hand side of the mouth showing large caries lesions on all teeth at the level of the gum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Suspectedmethmouth09-19-05closeup.jpg/220px-Suspectedmethmouth09-19-05closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Suspectedmethmouth09-19-05closeup.jpg/330px-Suspectedmethmouth09-19-05closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Suspectedmethmouth09-19-05closeup.jpg/440px-Suspectedmethmouth09-19-05closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="711" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Suspectedmethmouth09-19-05closeup.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Rampant caries caused by <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a> abuse.</div></div></div>
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<p>Early childhood caries (ECC), also known as "<a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_caries" title="Early childhood caries">baby bottle caries</a>," "<a href="/wiki/Baby_bottle" title="Baby bottle">baby bottle</a> tooth decay" or "bottle rot," is a pattern of decay found in young children with their <a href="/wiki/Deciduous_teeth" title="Deciduous teeth">deciduous</a> (baby) teeth. This must include the presence of at least one carious lesion on a primary tooth in a child under the age of 6 years.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup> The teeth most likely affected are the maxillary anterior teeth, but all teeth can be affected.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup> The name for this type of caries comes from the fact that the decay usually is a result of allowing children to fall asleep with sweetened liquids in their bottles or feeding children sweetened liquids multiple times during the day.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup>
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</p><p>Another pattern of decay is "rampant caries", which signifies advanced or severe decay on multiple surfaces of many teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup> Rampant caries may be seen in individuals with <a href="/wiki/Xerostomia" title="Xerostomia">xerostomia</a>, poor oral hygiene, stimulant use (due to drug-induced dry mouth<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup>), and/or large sugar intake. If rampant caries is a result of previous radiation to the head and neck, it may be described as radiation-induced caries. Problems can also be caused by the self-destruction of roots and whole <a href="/wiki/Root_resorption" class="mw-redirect" title="Root resorption">tooth resorption</a> when new teeth erupt or later from unknown causes.
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</p><p>Children at 6–12 months are at increased risk of developing dental caries. For other children aged 12–18 months, dental caries develop on primary teeth and approximately twice yearly for permanent teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></sup>
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</p><p>A range of studies have reported that there is a correlation between caries in primary teeth and caries in permanent teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup>
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</p>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Rate_of_progression">Rate of progression</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth_decay&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Rate of progression">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tooth_decay&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
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<p>Temporal descriptions can be applied to caries to indicate the progression rate and previous history. "Acute" signifies a quickly developing condition, whereas "chronic" describes a condition that has taken an extended time to develop, in which thousands of meals and snacks, many causing some acid demineralization that is not remineralized, eventually result in cavities.
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</p><p>Recurrent caries, also described as secondary, are caries that appear at a location with a previous history of caries. This is frequently found on the margins of fillings and other dental restorations. On the other hand, incipient caries describes decay at a location that has not experienced previous decay. Arrested caries describes a lesion on a tooth that was previously demineralized but was remineralized before causing a cavitation. <a href="/wiki/Fluoride_therapy" title="Fluoride therapy">Fluoride treatment</a> can help recalcification of tooth enamel as well as the use of <a href="/wiki/Amorphous_calcium_phosphate" title="Amorphous calcium phosphate">amorphous calcium phosphate</a>.
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</p><p>Micro-invasive interventions (such as <a href="/wiki/Dental_sealant" title="Dental sealant">dental sealant</a> or resin infiltration) have been shown to slow down the progression of proximal decay.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup>
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</p>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Affected_hard_tissue">Affected hard tissue</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth_decay&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Affected hard tissue">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<p>Depending on which hard tissues are affected, it is possible to describe caries as involving enamel, dentin, or cementum. Early in its development, caries may affect only enamel. Once the extent of decay reaches the deeper layer of dentin, the term "dentinal caries" is used. Since cementum is the hard tissue that covers the roots of teeth, it is not often affected by decay unless the roots of teeth are exposed to the mouth. Although the term "cementum caries" may be used to describe the decay on roots of teeth, very rarely does caries affect the cementum alone.
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</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Prevention">Prevention</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth_decay&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Prevention">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Toothbrush_20050716_004.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Head of a toothbrush" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Toothbrush_20050716_004.jpg/220px-Toothbrush_20050716_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Toothbrush_20050716_004.jpg/330px-Toothbrush_20050716_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Toothbrush_20050716_004.jpg/440px-Toothbrush_20050716_004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Toothbrush_20050716_004.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Toothbrush" title="Toothbrush">Toothbrushes</a> are commonly used to clean teeth.</div></div></div>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Oral_hygiene">Oral hygiene</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth_decay&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Oral hygiene">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<p>The primary approach to dental hygiene care consists of tooth-brushing and <a href="/wiki/Dental_floss" title="Dental floss">flossing</a>. The purpose of <a href="/wiki/Oral_hygiene" title="Oral hygiene">oral hygiene</a> is to remove and prevent the formation of <a href="/wiki/Dental_plaque" title="Dental plaque">plaque</a> or dental biofilm,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></sup> although studies have shown this effect on caries is limited.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup> While there is no evidence that flossing prevents tooth decay,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></sup> the practice is still generally recommended.<sup id="cite_ref-Oli2017_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oli2017-5">[5]</a></sup>
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</p><p>A toothbrush can be used to remove plaque on accessible surfaces, but not between teeth or inside pits and fissures on chewing surfaces. When used correctly, dental floss removes plaque from areas that could otherwise develop proximal caries but only if the depth of <a href="/wiki/Gingival_sulcus" title="Gingival sulcus">sulcus</a> has not been compromised. Additional aids include <a href="/wiki/Interdental_brush" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdental brush">interdental brushes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_pick" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pick">water picks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mouthwash" title="Mouthwash">mouthwashes</a>. The use of rotational electric toothbrushes might reduce the risk of plaque and gingivitis, though it is unclear whether they are of clinical importance.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></sup>
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</p><p>However, oral hygiene is effective at preventing gum disease (gingivitis / periodontal disease). Food is forced inside pits and fissures under chewing pressure, leading to carbohydrate-fuelled acid demineralisation where the brush, fluoride toothpaste, and saliva have no access to remove trapped food, neutralise acid, or remineralise tooth enamel. (Occlusal caries accounts for between 80 and 90% of caries in children (Weintraub, 2001).) Unlike brushing, fluoride leads to proven reduction in caries incidence by approximately 25%; higher concentrations of fluoride (>1,000 ppm) in toothpaste also helps prevents tooth decay, with the effect increasing with concentration up to a plateau.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></sup> A randomized clinical trial demonstrated that toothpastes that contain <a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">arginine</a> have greater protection against tooth cavitation than the regular fluoride toothpastes containing 1450 ppm alone.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></sup> A Cochrane review has confirmed that the use of fluoride gels, normally applied by a dental professional from once to several times a year, assists in the prevention of tooth decay in children and adolescents, reiterating the importance of fluoride as the principal means of caries prevention.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></sup> Another review concluded that the supervised regular use of a fluoride mouthwash greatly reduced the onset of decay in the permanent teeth of children.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></sup>
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</p><p>Professional hygiene care consists of regular dental examinations and professional prophylaxis (cleaning). Sometimes, complete plaque removal is difficult, and a dentist or <a href="/wiki/Dental_hygienist" title="Dental hygienist">dental hygienist</a> may be needed. Along with oral hygiene, radiographs may be taken at dental visits to detect possible dental caries development in high-risk areas of the mouth (e.g. "<a href="/wiki/Bitewing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitewing">bitewing</a>" X-rays which visualize the crowns of the back teeth).
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</p><p>Alternative methods of oral hygiene also exist around the world, such as the use of <a href="/wiki/Teeth_cleaning_twig" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeth cleaning twig">teeth cleaning twigs</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">miswaks</a> in some Middle Eastern and African cultures. There is some limited evidence demonstrating the efficacy of these alternative methods of oral hygiene.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></sup>
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</p>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Dietary_modification">Dietary modification</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth_decay&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Dietary modification">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cavity_numbers_increase_exponentially_with_sugar_consumption.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cavity_numbers_increase_exponentially_with_sugar_consumption.jpg/220px-Cavity_numbers_increase_exponentially_with_sugar_consumption.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cavity_numbers_increase_exponentially_with_sugar_consumption.jpg/330px-Cavity_numbers_increase_exponentially_with_sugar_consumption.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cavity_numbers_increase_exponentially_with_sugar_consumption.jpg/440px-Cavity_numbers_increase_exponentially_with_sugar_consumption.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1174" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cavity_numbers_increase_exponentially_with_sugar_consumption.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Annual caries incidence increases exponentially with annual per capita sugar consumption. Data based on 10,553 Japanese children whose individual lower first molar teeth were monitored yearly from the age of 6 to 11 years of age. Caries plotted on a <a href="/wiki/Semi-log_plot" title="Semi-log plot">logarithmic scale</a>, so line is straight.</div></div></div>
|
||
<p>People who eat more <a href="/wiki/Free_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Free sugar">free sugars</a> get more cavities, with cavities increasing exponentially with increasing sugar intake. Populations with less sugar intake have fewer cavities. In one population, in Nigeria, where sugar consumption was about 2g/day, only two percent of the population, of any age, had had a cavity.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></sup>
|
||
</p><p>Chewy and sticky foods (such as candy, cookies, potato chips, and crackers) tend to adhere to teeth longer. However, dried fruits such as raisins and fresh fruit such as apples and bananas disappear from the mouth quickly, and do not appear to be a risk factor. Consumers are not good at guessing which foods stick around in the mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></sup>
|
||
</p><p>For children, the <a href="/wiki/American_Dental_Association" title="American Dental Association">American Dental Association</a> and the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry recommend limiting the frequency of consumption of drinks with sugar, and not giving baby bottles to infants during sleep (see earlier discussion).<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></sup> Parents are also recommended to avoid sharing utensils and cups with their infants to prevent transferring bacteria from the parent's mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></sup>
|
||
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Xylitol" title="Xylitol">Xylitol</a> is a naturally occurring sugar alcohol that is used in different products as an alternative to sucrose (table sugar). As of 2015 the evidence concerning the use of xylitol in <a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a> was insufficient to determine if it is effective at preventing caries.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_measures">Other measures</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth_decay&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other measures">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
|
||
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:FluorideTrays07-05-05.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/FluorideTrays07-05-05.jpg/220px-FluorideTrays07-05-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/FluorideTrays07-05-05.jpg/330px-FluorideTrays07-05-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/FluorideTrays07-05-05.jpg/440px-FluorideTrays07-05-05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1215" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:FluorideTrays07-05-05.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Common dentistry trays used to deliver fluoride.</div></div></div>
|
||
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sodium_fluoride_tablets.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sodium_fluoride_tablets.jpg/220px-Sodium_fluoride_tablets.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sodium_fluoride_tablets.jpg/330px-Sodium_fluoride_tablets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sodium_fluoride_tablets.jpg/440px-Sodium_fluoride_tablets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="693" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Sodium_fluoride_tablets.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Fluoride is sold in tablets for cavity prevention.</div></div></div>
|
||
<p>The use of <a href="/wiki/Dental_sealant" title="Dental sealant">dental sealants</a> is a means of prevention.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></sup> A sealant is a thin plastic-like coating applied to the chewing surfaces of the molars to prevent food from being trapped inside pits and fissures. This deprives resident plaque bacteria of carbohydrate, preventing the formation of pit and fissure caries. Sealants are usually applied on the teeth of children, as soon as the teeth erupt but adults are receiving them if not previously performed. Sealants can wear out and fail to prevent access of food and plaque bacteria inside pits and fissures and need to be replaced so they must be checked regularly by dental professionals. Dental sealants have been shown to be more effective at preventing occlusal decay when compared to fluoride varnish applications.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Updated version https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33142363 (January 2021)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup>
|
||
</p><p>Calcium, as found in food such as milk and green vegetables, is often recommended to protect against dental caries. <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">Fluoride</a> helps prevent decay of a tooth by binding to the hydroxyapatite crystals in enamel.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></sup> Streptococcus mutans is the leading cause of tooth decay. Low concentration fluoride ions act as bacteriostatic therapeutic agent and high concentration fluoride ions are bactericidal.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></sup> The incorporated fluorine makes enamel more resistant to demineralization and, thus, resistant to decay.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></sup> Fluoride can be found in either topical or systemic form.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-125">[125]</a></sup> Topical fluoride is more highly recommended than systemic intake to protect the surface of the teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></sup> Topical fluoride is used in toothpaste, mouthwash and fluoride varnish.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-125">[125]</a></sup> Standard fluoride toothpaste (1,000–1,500 ppm) is more effective than low fluoride toothpaste (< 600ppm) to prevent dental caries.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></sup> It is recommended that all adult patients to use fluoridated toothpaste with at least 1350ppm fluoride content, brushing at least 2 times per day and brush right before bed. For children and young adults, use fluoridated toothpaste with 1350ppm to 1500ppm fluoride content, brushing 2 times per day and also brush right before bed. American Dental Association Council suggest that for children <3 years old, caregivers should begin brushing their teeth by using fluoridated toothpaste with an amount no more than a smear. Supervised toothbrushing must also be done to children below 8 years of age to prevent swallowing of toothpaste.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></sup> After brushing with fluoride toothpaste, rinsing should be avoided and the excess spat out.<sup id="cite_ref-PreventionToolkit2_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PreventionToolkit2-129">[129]</a></sup> Many dental professionals include application of topical fluoride solutions as part of routine visits and recommend the use of xylitol and <a href="/wiki/Amorphous_calcium_phosphate" title="Amorphous calcium phosphate">amorphous calcium phosphate</a> products. <a href="/wiki/Silver_diamine_fluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver diamine fluoride">Silver diamine fluoride</a> may work better than fluoride varnish to prevent cavities.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-130">[130]</a></sup> Systemic fluoride is found as lozenges, tablets, drops and water fluoridation. These are ingested orally to provide fluoride systemically.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_125-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-125">[125]</a></sup> Water fluoridation has been shown to be beneficial to prevent tooth decay, especially in low social economical areas, where other forms of fluoride is not available. However, a Cochrane systematic review found no evidence to suggest that taking fluoride systemically daily in pregnant women was effective in preventing dental decay in their offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_125-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-125">[125]</a></sup> While some products containing chlorhexidine have been shown to limit the progression of existing tooth decay; there is currently no evidence suggesting that chlorhexidine gels and varnishes can prevent dental caries or reduce the population of Streptococcus mutans in the mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></sup>
|
||
</p><p>An oral health assessment carried out before a child reaches the age of one may help with management of caries. The oral health assessment should include checking the child's history, a clinical examination, checking the risk of caries in the child including the state of their <a href="/wiki/Occlusion_(dentistry)" title="Occlusion (dentistry)">occlusion</a> and assessing how well equipped the child's parent or carer is to help the child prevent caries.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-132">[132]</a></sup> In order to further increase a child's cooperation in caries management, good communication by the dentist and the rest of the staff of a dental practice should be used. This communication can be improved by calling the child by their name, using eye contact and including them in any conversation about their treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-132">[132]</a></sup>
|
||
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Caries_vaccine" title="Caries vaccine">Vaccines</a> are also under development.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></sup>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Treatment">Treatment</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth_decay&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Treatment">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
|
||
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dental_restoration" title="Dental restoration">Dental restoration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tooth_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Tooth extraction">Tooth extraction</a></div>
|
||
<table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center">
|
||
|
||
<tbody><tr>
|
||
<td>No carious lesion</td>
|
||
<td></td>
|
||
<td></td>
|
||
<td>No treatment
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td rowspan="3">Carious lesion</td>
|
||
<td>Inactive lesion</td>
|
||
<td></td>
|
||
<td>No treatment
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td rowspan="2">Active lesion</td>
|
||
<td>Non-cavitated lesion</td>
|
||
<td>Non-operative treatment
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>Cavitated lesion</td>
|
||
<td>Operative treatment
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td rowspan="6">Existing filling</td>
|
||
<td>No defect</td>
|
||
<td></td>
|
||
<td>No replacement
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td rowspan="2">Defective filling</td>
|
||
<td>Ditching, overhang</td>
|
||
<td>No replacement
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>Fracture or food impaction</td>
|
||
<td>Repair or replacement of filling
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>Inactive lesion</td>
|
||
<td></td>
|
||
<td>No treatment
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td rowspan="2">Active lesion</td>
|
||
<td>Non-cavitated lesion</td>
|
||
<td>Non-operative treatment
|
||
</td></tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>Cavitated lesion</td>
|
||
<td>Repair or replacement of filling
|
||
</td></tr></tbody></table>
|
||
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Amalgam.jpg" class="image"><img alt="An extracted tooth displaying an amalgam metal restoration on the occlusal surface" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Amalgam.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="161" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="161" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Amalgam.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>An amalgam used as a restorative material in a tooth.</div></div></div>
|
||
<p>Most importantly, whether the carious lesion is cavitated or non-cavitated dictates the management. Clinical assessment of whether the lesion is active or arrested is also important. Noncavitated lesions can be arrested and remineralization can occur under the right conditions. However, this may require extensive changes to the diet (reduction in frequency of refined sugars), improved oral hygiene (toothbrushing twice per day with fluoride toothpaste and daily flossing), and regular application of topical fluoride. More recently, <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_Y" title="Immunoglobulin Y">Immunoglobulin Y</a> specific to <a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_mutans" title="Streptococcus mutans">Streptococcus mutans</a> has been used to suppress growth of <i>S mutans</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></sup> Such management of a carious lesion is termed "non-operative" since no drilling is carried out on the tooth. Non-operative treatment requires excellent understanding and motivation from the individual, otherwise the decay will continue.
|
||
</p><p>Once a lesion has cavitated, especially if dentin is involved, remineralization is much more difficult and a dental restoration is usually indicated ("operative treatment"). Before a restoration can be placed, all of the decay must be removed otherwise it will continue to progress underneath the filling. Sometimes a small amount of decay can be left if it is entombed and there is a seal which isolates the bacteria from their substrate. This can be likened to placing a glass container over a candle, which burns itself out once the oxygen is used up. Techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Pulp_capping" title="Pulp capping">stepwise caries removal</a> are designed to avoid exposure of the dental pulp and overall reduction of the amount of tooth substance which requires removal before the final filling is placed. Often enamel which overlies decayed dentin must also be removed as it is unsupported and susceptible to fracture. The modern decision-making process with regards the activity of the lesion, and whether it is cavitated, is summarized in the table.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></sup>
|
||
</p><p>Destroyed tooth structure does not fully regenerate, although remineralization of very small carious lesions may occur if dental hygiene is kept at optimal level.<sup id="cite_ref-medline_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medline-15">[15]</a></sup> For the small lesions, topical fluoride is sometimes used to encourage remineralization. For larger lesions, the progression of dental caries can be stopped by treatment. The goal of treatment is to preserve tooth structures and prevent further destruction of the tooth. Aggressive treatment, by filling, of incipient carious lesions, places where there is superficial damage to the enamel, is controversial as they may heal themselves, while once a filling is performed it will eventually have to be redone and the site serves as a vulnerable site for further decay.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-13">[13]</a></sup>
|
||
</p><p>In general, early treatment is quicker and less expensive than treatment of extensive decay. <a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">Local anesthetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> ("laughing gas"), or other prescription medications may be required in some cases to relieve pain during or following treatment or to relieve anxiety during treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Dental_drill" title="Dental drill">dental handpiece</a> ("drill") is used to remove large portions of decayed material from a tooth. A spoon, a dental instrument used to carefully remove decay, is sometimes employed when the decay in <a href="/wiki/Dentin" title="Dentin">dentin</a> reaches near the <a href="/wiki/Pulp_(tooth)" title="Pulp (tooth)">pulp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-summit128_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-summit128-137">[137]</a></sup> Some dentists remove dental caries using a laser rather than the traditional dental drill. A Cochrane review of this technique looked at Er:YAG (erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet), Er,Cr:YSGG (erbium, chromium: yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet) and Nd:YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet) lasers and found that although people treated with lasers (compared to a conventional dental "drill") experienced less pain and had a lesser need for dental anaesthesia, that overall there was little difference in caries removal.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></sup> Another alternative to drilling or lasers for small caries is the use of <a href="/wiki/Air_abrasion" title="Air abrasion">air abrasion</a>, in which small abrasive particles are blasted at decay using pressurized air (similar to <a href="/wiki/Sand_blasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand blasting">sand blasting</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Huang_Kim_Arce_Lawson_2019_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huang_Kim_Arce_Lawson_2019-139">[139]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mandinic_Vulicevic_2014_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandinic_Vulicevic_2014-140">[140]</a></sup> Once the cary is removed, the missing tooth structure requires a <a href="/wiki/Dental_restoration" title="Dental restoration">dental restoration</a> of some sort to return the tooth to function and aesthetic condition.
|
||
</p><p>Restorative materials include dental <a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(dentistry)" title="Amalgam (dentistry)">amalgam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dental_composite" title="Dental composite">composite</a> <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glass_ionomer_cement" title="Glass ionomer cement">glass ionomer cement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dental_porcelain" title="Dental porcelain">porcelain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gold_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold (element)">gold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DCPPtx_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCPPtx-141">[141]</a></sup> Composite resin and porcelain can be made to match the color of a patient's natural teeth and are thus used more frequently when aesthetics are a concern. Composite restorations are not as strong as dental amalgam and gold; some dentists consider the latter as the only advisable restoration for posterior areas where chewing forces are great.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></sup> When the decay is too extensive, there may not be enough tooth structure remaining to allow a restorative material to be placed within the tooth. Thus, a <a href="/wiki/Crown_(dentistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown (dentistry)">crown</a> may be needed. This restoration appears similar to a cap and is fitted over the remainder of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_(tooth)" title="Crown (tooth)">natural crown</a> of the tooth. Crowns are often made of gold, porcelain, or porcelain fused to metal.
|
||
</p><p>For children, preformed crowns are available to place over the tooth. These are usually made of metal (usually stainless steel but increasingly there are aesthetic materials). Traditionally teeth are shaved down to make room for the crown but, more recently, stainless steel crowns have been used to seal decay into the tooth and stop it progressing. This is known as the <a href="/wiki/Hall_Technique" title="Hall Technique">Hall Technique</a> and works by depriving the bacteria in the decay of nutrients and making their environment less favorable for them. It is a minimally invasive method of managing decay in children and does not require local anesthetic injections in the mouth.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Toothdecay_(1).jpg" class="image"><img alt="Two pictures showing a tooth with a large caries lesion, and the socket left once the tooth had been extracted" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Toothdecay_%281%29.jpg/220px-Toothdecay_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Toothdecay_%281%29.jpg/330px-Toothdecay_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Toothdecay_%281%29.jpg/440px-Toothdecay_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="420" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Toothdecay_(1).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A tooth with extensive caries eventually requiring extraction.</div></div></div>
|
||
<p>In certain cases, <a href="/wiki/Endodontic_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Endodontic therapy">endodontic therapy</a> may be necessary for the restoration of a tooth.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></sup> Endodontic therapy, also known as a "root canal", is recommended if the pulp in a tooth dies from infection by decay-causing bacteria or from trauma. In root canal therapy, the pulp of the tooth, including the nerve and vascular tissues, is removed along with decayed portions of the tooth. The canals are instrumented with endodontic files to clean and shape them, and they are then usually filled with a rubber-like material called <a href="/wiki/Gutta_percha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutta percha">gutta percha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></sup> The tooth is filled and a crown can be placed. Upon completion of root canal therapy, the tooth is non-vital, as it is devoid of any living tissue.
|
||
</p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Extraction_(dental)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraction (dental)">extraction</a> can also serve as treatment for dental caries. The removal of the decayed tooth is performed if the tooth is too far destroyed from the decay process to effectively restore the tooth. Extractions are sometimes considered if the tooth lacks an opposing tooth or will probably cause further problems in the future, as may be the case for <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom teeth">wisdom teeth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></sup> Extractions may also be preferred by people unable or unwilling to undergo the expense or difficulties in restoring the tooth.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth_decay&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Epidemiology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dental_caries_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg" class="image"><img alt="Color coded map displaying caries experience throughout the world." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dental_caries_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/290px-Dental_caries_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="128" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dental_caries_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/435px-Dental_caries_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dental_caries_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/580px-Dental_caries_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Dental_caries_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Disability-adjusted_life_year" title="Disability-adjusted life year">Disability-adjusted life year</a> for dental caries per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></sup> <div> <table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#b3b3b3; color:black;"> </span> no data</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#ffff65; color:black;"> </span> <50</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#fff200; color:black;"> </span> 50–60</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#ffdc00; color:black;"> </span> 60–70</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#ffc600; color:black;"> </span> 70–80</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#ffb000; color:black;"> </span> 80–90</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#ff9a00; color:black;"> </span> 90–100</div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#ff8400; color:black;"> </span> 100–115</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#ff6e00; color:black;"> </span> 115–130</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#ff5800; color:black;"> </span> 130–138</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#ff4200; color:black;"> </span> 138–140</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#ff2c00; color:black;"> </span> 140–142</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#cb0000; color:white;"> </span> >142</div>   </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div>
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<p>Worldwide, approximately 3.6 billion people have dental caries in their permanent teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2016Epi_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2016Epi-7">[7]</a></sup> In baby teeth it affects about 620 million people or 9% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2012Epi_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2012Epi-10">[10]</a></sup> The disease is most common in Latin American countries, countries in the Middle East, and South Asia, and least prevalent in China.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></sup> In the United States, dental caries is the most common <a href="/wiki/Chronic_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic (medicine)">chronic</a> childhood disease, being at least five times more common than <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></sup> It is the primary pathological cause of tooth loss in children.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></sup> Between 29% and 59% of adults over the age of 50 experience caries.<sup id="cite_ref-DCPP_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCPP-150">[150]</a></sup>
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</p><p>Treating dental cavities costs 5–10% of health-care budgets in industrialized countries, and can easily exceed budgets in lower-income countries.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></sup>
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</p><p>The number of cases has decreased in some developed countries, and this decline is usually attributed to increasingly better <a href="/wiki/Oral_hygiene" title="Oral hygiene">oral hygiene</a> practices and preventive measures such as fluoride treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-whostatement2_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whostatement2-152">[152]</a></sup> Nonetheless, countries that have experienced an overall decrease in cases of tooth decay continue to have a disparity in the distribution of the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-DCPP_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCPP-150">[150]</a></sup> Among children in the United States and Europe, twenty percent of the population endures sixty to eighty percent of cases of dental caries.<sup id="cite_ref-Tougersugars_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tougersugars-153">[153]</a></sup> A similarly skewed distribution of the disease is found throughout the world with some children having none or very few caries and others having a high number.<sup id="cite_ref-DCPP_150-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCPP-150">[150]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (where children receive dental care paid for by the government) have a low incidence of cases of dental caries among children, whereas cases are more numerous in <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DCPPchart_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCPPchart-154">[154]</a></sup>
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</p><p>The classic <a href="/wiki/Decay-missing-filled_index" title="Decay-missing-filled index">DMF (decay/missing/filled) index</a> is one of the most common methods for assessing caries prevalence as well as dental treatment needs among populations. This index is based on in-field clinical examination of individuals by using a probe, mirror and cotton rolls. Because the DMF index is done without <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> imaging, it underestimates real caries prevalence and treatment needs.<sup id="cite_ref-HC_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC-90">[90]</a></sup>
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</p><p>Bacteria typically associated with dental caries have been isolated from vaginal samples from females who have <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_vaginosis" title="Bacterial vaginosis">bacterial vaginosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AfricaNel2014_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AfricaNel2014-155">[155]</a></sup>
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</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth_decay&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Medieval_dentistry.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Medieval_dentistry.jpg/220px-Medieval_dentistry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Medieval_dentistry.jpg/330px-Medieval_dentistry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Medieval_dentistry.jpg/440px-Medieval_dentistry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Medieval_dentistry.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>An image from <i><a href="/wiki/Omne_Bonum" title="Omne Bonum">Omne Bonum</a></i> (14th century) depicting a dentist extracting a tooth with <a href="/wiki/Forceps" title="Forceps">forceps</a>.</div></div></div>
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<p>There is a long history of dental caries. Over a million years ago, <a href="/wiki/Hominin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominin">hominins</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></i> suffered from cavities.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></sup> The largest increases in the prevalence of caries have been associated with dietary changes.<sup id="cite_ref-uicanthropology_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uicanthropology-157">[157]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-suddickhistorical_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suddickhistorical-158">[158]</a></sup>
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</p><p>Archaeological evidence shows that tooth decay is an ancient disease dating far into <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Human skull">Skulls</a> dating from a million years ago through the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period show signs of caries, including those from the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> ages.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></sup> The increase of caries during the neolithic period may be attributed to the increased consumption of plant foods containing carbohydrates.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></sup> The beginning of rice cultivation in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> is also believed to have caused an increase in caries especially for women,<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></sup> although there is also some <a href="/wiki/Evidence" title="Evidence">evidence</a> from sites in Thailand, such as Khok Phanom Di, that shows a decrease in overall percentage of dental caries with the increase in dependence on rice agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></sup>
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</p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> text from 5000 BC describes a "<a href="/wiki/Tooth_worm" title="Tooth worm">tooth worm</a>" as the cause of caries.<sup id="cite_ref-adahistory_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adahistory-163">[163]</a></sup> Evidence of this belief has also been found in <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-suddickhistorical_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suddickhistorical-158">[158]</a></sup> Unearthed ancient skulls show evidence of primitive dental work. In <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, teeth dating from around 5500 BC to 7000 BC show nearly perfect holes from primitive <a href="/wiki/Dental_drill" title="Dental drill">dental drills</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ebers_Papyrus" title="Ebers Papyrus">Ebers Papyrus</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> text from 1550 BC, mentions diseases of teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-adahistory_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adahistory-163">[163]</a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Assyria#Sargonid_dynasty" title="Assyria">Sargonid dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> during 668 to 626 BC, writings from the king's physician specify the need to extract a tooth due to spreading <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-suddickhistorical_158-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suddickhistorical-158">[158]</a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, wider consumption of cooked foods led to a small increase in caries prevalence.<sup id="cite_ref-Tougersugars_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tougersugars-153">[153]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman civilization">Greco-Roman civilization</a>, in addition to the Egyptian civilization, had treatments for pain resulting from caries.<sup id="cite_ref-suddickhistorical_158-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suddickhistorical-158">[158]</a></sup>
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</p><p>The rate of caries remained low through the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, but sharply increased during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-uicanthropology_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uicanthropology-157">[157]</a></sup> Periodic increases in caries prevalence had been small in comparison to the 1000 AD increase, when <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a> became more accessible to the Western world. Treatment consisted mainly of herbal remedies and charms, but sometimes also included <a href="/wiki/Bloodletting" title="Bloodletting">bloodletting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Barber_surgeon" title="Barber surgeon">barber surgeons</a> of the time provided services that included <a href="/wiki/Extraction_(dental)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraction (dental)">tooth extractions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-suddickhistorical_158-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suddickhistorical-158">[158]</a></sup> Learning their training from apprenticeships, these health providers were quite successful in ending tooth pain and likely prevented systemic spread of infections in many cases. Among Roman Catholics, prayers to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Apollonia" title="Saint Apollonia">Saint Apollonia</a>, the patroness of dentistry, were meant to heal pain derived from tooth infection.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></sup>
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</p><p>There is also evidence of caries increase when Indigenous people in North America changed from a strictly hunter-gatherer diet to a diet with <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>. Rates also increased after contact with colonizing Europeans, implying an even greater dependence on maize.<sup id="cite_ref-uicanthropology_157-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uicanthropology-157">[157]</a></sup>
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</p><p>During the European <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, the belief that a "tooth worm" caused caries was also no longer accepted in the European medical community.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Fauchard" title="Pierre Fauchard">Pierre Fauchard</a>, known as the father of modern dentistry, was one of the first to reject the idea that worms caused tooth decay and noted that sugar was detrimental to the teeth and <a href="/wiki/Gingiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Gingiva">gingiva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></sup> In 1850, another sharp increase in the prevalence of caries occurred and is believed to be a result of widespread diet changes.<sup id="cite_ref-suddickhistorical_158-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suddickhistorical-158">[158]</a></sup> Prior to this time, cervical caries was the most frequent type of caries, but increased availability of sugar cane, refined flour, bread, and sweetened tea corresponded with a greater number of pit and fissure caries.
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</p><p>In the 1890s, <a href="/wiki/Willoughby_D._Miller" title="Willoughby D. Miller">W. D. Miller</a> conducted a series of studies that led him to propose an explanation for dental caries that was influential for current theories. He found that bacteria inhabited the mouth and that they produced acids that dissolved tooth structures when in the presence of fermentable carbohydrates.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a></sup> This explanation is known as the chemoparasitic caries theory.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></sup> Miller's contribution, along with the research on plaque by G. V. Black and J. L. Williams, served as the foundation for the current explanation of the etiology of caries.<sup id="cite_ref-suddickhistorical_158-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suddickhistorical-158">[158]</a></sup> Several of the specific strains of lactobacilli were identified in 1921 by <a href="/wiki/Fernando_E._Rodr%C3%ADguez_Vargas" title="Fernando E. Rodríguez Vargas">Fernando E. Rodríguez Vargas</a>.
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</p><p>In 1924 in London, Killian Clarke described a spherical bacterium in chains isolated from carious lesions which he called <a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_mutans" title="Streptococcus mutans"><i>Streptococcus</i> <i>mutans</i></a>. Although Clarke proposed that this organism was the cause of caries, the discovery was not followed up. Later, in 1954 in the US, Frank Orland working with hamsters showed that caries was transmissible and caused by acid-producing <i>Streptococcus</i> thus ending the debate whether dental caries were resultant from bacteria. It was not until the late 1960s that it became generally accepted that the <i>Streptococcus</i> isolated from hamster caries was the same as <i>S</i>. <i>mutans</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></sup>
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</p><p>Tooth decay has been present throughout human history, from early <a href="/wiki/Hominids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominids">hominids</a> millions of years ago, to modern humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Selwitz_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selwitz-172">[172]</a></sup> The prevalence of caries increased dramatically in the 19th century, as the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> made certain items, such as refined sugar and flour, readily available.<sup id="cite_ref-suddickhistorical_158-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suddickhistorical-158">[158]</a></sup> The diet of the “newly industrialized English working class”<sup id="cite_ref-suddickhistorical_158-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suddickhistorical-158">[158]</a></sup> then became centered on bread, jam, and sweetened tea, greatly increasing both sugar consumption and caries.
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</p>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology_and_usage">Etymology and usage</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth_decay&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Etymology and usage">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<p>Naturalized from Latin into English (a <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a>), <i>caries</i> in its English form originated as a <a href="/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">mass noun</a> that means "rottenness",<sup id="cite_ref-Taber2013_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taber2013-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dorlands_caries_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorlands_caries-173">[173]</a></sup> that is, "decay". The word is an <a href="/wiki/Uncountable_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncountable noun">uncountable noun</a>.
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</p><p><i>Cariesology</i><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></sup> or <i>cariology</i><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></sup> is the study of dental caries.
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</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth_decay&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<p>It is estimated that untreated dental caries results in worldwide productivity losses in the size of about US$27 billion yearly.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></sup>
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</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_animals">Other animals</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth_decay&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Other animals">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dental_caries_(non-human)" title="Dental caries (non-human)">Dental caries (non-human)</a></div>
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<p>Dental caries are uncommon among companion animals.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></sup>
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</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth_decay&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cariogram" title="Cariogram">Cariogram</a></li></ul>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth_decay&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li id="cite_note-Lau2014-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lau2014_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lau2014_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lau2014_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lau2014_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lau2014_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFLaudenbachSimon2014" class="citation journal cs1">Laudenbach, JM; Simon, Z (November 2014). "Common Dental and Periodontal Diseases: Evaluation and Management". <i>The Medical Clinics of North America</i>. <b>98</b> (6): 1239–1260. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mcna.2014.08.002">10.1016/j.mcna.2014.08.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25443675">25443675</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Medical+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Common+Dental+and+Periodontal+Diseases%3A+Evaluation+and+Management&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1239-1260&rft.date=2014-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mcna.2014.08.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25443675&rft.aulast=Laudenbach&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Simon%2C+Z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-WHO2012-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2012_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2012_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2012_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2012_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2012_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2012_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2012_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141208132427/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs318/en/">"Oral health Fact sheet N°318"</a>. <i>who.int</i>. April 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs318/en/">the original</a> on 8 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=who.int&rft.atitle=Oral+health+Fact+sheet+N%C2%B0318&rft.date=2012-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmediacentre%2Ffactsheets%2Ffs318%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Taber2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taber2013_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taber2013_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taber2013_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taber2013_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VdY-AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA401"><i>Taber's cyclopedic medical dictionary</i></a> (Ed. 22, illustrated in full color ed.). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Co. 2013. p. 401. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803639096" title="Special:BookSources/9780803639096"><bdi>9780803639096</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713035028/https://books.google.com/books?id=VdY-AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA401">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-07-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taber%27s+cyclopedic+medical+dictionary&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=401&rft.edition=Ed.+22%2C+illustrated+in+full+color&rft.pub=F.A.+Davis+Co.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780803639096&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVdY-AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Peads2014-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peads2014_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peads2014_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peads2014_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peads2014_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peads2014_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peads2014_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peads2014_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peads2014_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peads2014_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peads2014_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peads2014_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSECTION_ON_ORALSECTION_ON_ORAL2014" class="citation journal cs1">SECTION ON ORAL, HEALTH; SECTION ON ORAL, HEALTH (December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.2014-2984">"Maintaining and improving the oral health of young children"</a>. <i>Pediatrics</i>. <b>134</b> (6): 1224–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.2014-2984">10.1542/peds.2014-2984</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25422016">25422016</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32580232">32580232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatrics&rft.atitle=Maintaining+and+improving+the+oral+health+of+young+children&rft.volume=134&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1224-9&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32580232%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25422016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1542%2Fpeds.2014-2984&rft.aulast=SECTION+ON+ORAL&rft.aufirst=HEALTH&rft.au=SECTION+ON+ORAL%2C+HEALTH&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1542%252Fpeds.2014-2984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Oli2017-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oli2017_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oli2017_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFde_OliveiraNemezioRomualdoda_Silva2017" class="citation journal cs1">de Oliveira, KMH; Nemezio, MA; Romualdo, PC; da Silva, RAB; de Paula E Silva, FWG; Küchler, EC (2017). "Dental Flossing and Proximal Caries in the Primary Dentition: A Systematic Review". <i>Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry</i>. <b>15</b> (5): 427–434. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3290%2Fj.ohpd.a38780">10.3290/j.ohpd.a38780</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28785751">28785751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oral+Health+%26+Preventive+Dentistry&rft.atitle=Dental+Flossing+and+Proximal+Caries+in+the+Primary+Dentition%3A+A+Systematic+Review&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=427-434&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3290%2Fj.ohpd.a38780&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28785751&rft.aulast=de+Oliveira&rft.aufirst=KMH&rft.au=Nemezio%2C+MA&rft.au=Romualdo%2C+PC&rft.au=da+Silva%2C+RAB&rft.au=de+Paula+E+Silva%2C+FWG&rft.au=K%C3%BCchler%2C+EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Silk2014-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Silk2014_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silk2014_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silk2014_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silk2014_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silk2014_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silk2014_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silk2014_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silk2014_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSilk2014" class="citation journal cs1">Silk, H (March 2014). "Diseases of the mouth". <i>Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice</i>. <b>41</b> (1): 75–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pop.2013.10.011">10.1016/j.pop.2013.10.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24439882">24439882</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9127595">9127595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Primary+Care%3A+Clinics+in+Office+Practice&rft.atitle=Diseases+of+the+mouth&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75-90&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9127595%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24439882&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pop.2013.10.011&rft.aulast=Silk&rft.aufirst=H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-WHO2016Epi-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2016Epi_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2016Epi_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2016Epi_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/oral-health">"Oral health"</a>. <i>www.who.int</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.who.int&rft.atitle=Oral+health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnews-room%2Ffact-sheets%2Fdetail%2Foral-health&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSchwendickeDörferSchlattmannPage2015" class="citation journal cs1">Schwendicke, F; Dörfer, CE; Schlattmann, P; Page, LF; Thomson, WM; Paris, S (January 2015). "Socioeconomic Inequality and Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". <i>Journal of Dental Research</i>. <b>94</b> (1): 10–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022034514557546">10.1177/0022034514557546</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25394849">25394849</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24227334">24227334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dental+Research&rft.atitle=Socioeconomic+Inequality+and+Caries%3A+A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-Analysis&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10-18&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24227334%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25394849&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022034514557546&rft.aulast=Schwendicke&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=D%C3%B6rfer%2C+CE&rft.au=Schlattmann%2C+P&rft.au=Page%2C+LF&rft.au=Thomson%2C+WM&rft.au=Paris%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFOtsuKumakami-SakanoFujiwaraKikuchi2014" class="citation journal cs1">Otsu, K; Kumakami-Sakano, M; Fujiwara, N; Kikuchi, K; Keller, L; Lesot, H; Harada, H (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3912331">"Stem cell sources for tooth regeneration: current status and future prospects"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Physiology</i>. <b>5</b>: 36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffphys.2014.00036">10.3389/fphys.2014.00036</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3912331">3912331</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24550845">24550845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Physiology&rft.atitle=Stem+cell+sources+for+tooth+regeneration%3A+current+status+and+future+prospects&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=36&rft.date=2014&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3912331%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24550845&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffphys.2014.00036&rft.aulast=Otsu&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Kumakami-Sakano%2C+M&rft.au=Fujiwara%2C+N&rft.au=Kikuchi%2C+K&rft.au=Keller%2C+L&rft.au=Lesot%2C+H&rft.au=Harada%2C+H&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3912331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Lancet2012Epi-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2012Epi_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2012Epi_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFVos2012" class="citation journal cs1">Vos, T (Dec 15, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6350784">"Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"</a>. <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>380</b> (9859): 2163–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2961729-2">10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6350784">6350784</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23245607">23245607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Years+lived+with+disability+%28YLDs%29+for+1160+sequelae+of+289+diseases+and+injuries+1990%E2%80%932010%3A+a+systematic+analysis+for+the+Global+Burden+of+Disease+Study+2010&rft.volume=380&rft.issue=9859&rft.pages=2163-96&rft.date=2012-12-15&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6350784%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23245607&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2961729-2&rft.aulast=Vos&rft.aufirst=T&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6350784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBagramianGarcia-GodoyVolpe2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bagramian, RA; Garcia-Godoy, F; Volpe, AR (February 2009). "The global increase in dental caries. A pending public health crisis". <i>American Journal of Dentistry</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 3–8. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19281105">19281105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Dentistry&rft.atitle=The+global+increase+in+dental+caries.+A+pending+public+health+crisis&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-8&rft.date=2009-02&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19281105&rft.aulast=Bagramian&rft.aufirst=RA&rft.au=Garcia-Godoy%2C+F&rft.au=Volpe%2C+AR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hpb.gov.sg/hpb/default.asp?pg_id=865&aid=198">Health Promotion Board: Dental Caries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100901014808/http://www.hpb.gov.sg/hpb/default.asp?pg_id=865&aid=198">Archived</a> 2010-09-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, affiliated with the Singapore government. Page accessed August 14, 2006.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-NYT-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFRichie_S._King2011" class="citation news cs1">Richie S. King (November 28, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/29/health/a-closer-look-at-teeth-may-mean-more-fillings-by-dentists.html">"A Closer Look at Teeth May Mean More Fillings"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111129223056/http://www.nytimes.com//2011/11/29/health/a-closer-look-at-teeth-may-mean-more-fillings-by-dentists.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 29, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2011</span>. <q>An incipient carious lesion is the initial stage of structural damage to the enamel, usually caused by a bacterial infection that produces tooth-dissolving acid.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Closer+Look+at+Teeth+May+Mean+More+Fillings&rft.date=2011-11-28&rft.au=Richie+S.+King&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F11%2F29%2Fhealth%2Fa-closer-look-at-teeth-may-mean-more-fillings-by-dentists.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, Clarke. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uic.edu/classes/orla/orla312/BHDTwo.html">Biology of the Human Dentition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151030052831/http://www.uic.edu/classes/orla/orla312/BHDTwo.html">Archived</a> 2015-10-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." Page accessed July 18, 2007.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-medline-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-medline_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medline_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus Encyclopedia</a></i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001055.htm">Dental Cavities</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180630212354/http://www.med.nyu.edu/patientcare/patients/library/article.html%3FChunkIID%3D11496">Tooth Decay</a>, hosted on the <a href="/wiki/NYU_Langone_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="NYU Langone Medical Center">New York University Medical Center</a> website. Page accessed August 14, 2006.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus Encyclopedia</a></i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001047.htm">Ludwig's Anigna</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartmann, Richard W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aafp.org/afp/990700ap/109.html">Ludwig's Angina in Children</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080709045030/http://www.aafp.org/afp/990700ap/109.html">Archived</a> 2008-07-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, hosted on the American Academy of Family Physicians website. Page accessed May 25, 2008.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSouthamSoames1993" class="citation book cs1">Southam JC, Soames JV (1993). "2. Dental Caries". <i>Oral pathology</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-262214-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-262214-3"><bdi>978-0-19-262214-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.+Dental+Caries&rft.btitle=Oral+pathology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-262214-3&rft.aulast=Southam&rft.aufirst=JC&rft.au=Soames%2C+JV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFWongYoungEmmanouilWong2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Wong, Allen; Young, Douglas A.; Emmanouil, Dimitris E.; Wong, Lynne M.; Waters, Ashley R.; Booth, Mark T. (2013-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1750-3841.12152">"Raisins and oral health"</a>. <i>Journal of Food Science</i>. 78 Suppl 1: A26–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1750-3841.12152">10.1111/1750-3841.12152</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1750-3841">1750-3841</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23789933">23789933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Food+Science&rft.atitle=Raisins+and+oral+health&rft.volume=78+Suppl+1&rft.pages=A26-29&rft.date=2013-06-01&rft.issn=1750-3841&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23789933&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1750-3841.12152&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft.au=Young%2C+Douglas+A.&rft.au=Emmanouil%2C+Dimitris+E.&rft.au=Wong%2C+Lynne+M.&rft.au=Waters%2C+Ashley+R.&rft.au=Booth%2C+Mark+T.&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252F1750-3841.12152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSmithPickardKidd1990" class="citation book cs1">Smith B, Pickard HM, Kidd EA (1990). "1. Why restore teeth?". <i>Pickard's manual of operative dentistry</i> (6th ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-261808-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-261808-5"><bdi>978-0-19-261808-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+Why+restore+teeth%3F&rft.btitle=Pickard%27s+manual+of+operative+dentistry&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-19-261808-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Pickard%2C+HM&rft.au=Kidd%2C+EA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Hardie1982-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hardie1982_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardie1982_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHardie_JM1982" class="citation journal cs1">Hardie JM (May 1982). "The microbiology of dental caries". <i>Dental Update</i>. <b>9</b> (4): 199–200, 202–4, 206–8. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6959931">6959931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dental+Update&rft.atitle=The+microbiology+of+dental+caries&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=199-200%2C+202-4%2C+206-8&rft.date=1982-05&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6959931&rft.au=Hardie+JM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-holloway1983-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holloway1983_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holloway1983_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHolloway_PJMoore1983" class="citation journal cs1">Holloway PJ; Moore, W.J. (September 1983). "The role of sugar in the etiology of dental caries". <i>Journal of Dentistry</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 189–213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0300-5712%2883%2990182-3">10.1016/0300-5712(83)90182-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6358295">6358295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dentistry&rft.atitle=The+role+of+sugar+in+the+etiology+of+dental+caries&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=189-213&rft.date=1983-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0300-5712%2883%2990182-3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6358295&rft.au=Holloway+PJ&rft.au=Moore%2C+W.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/cavities/DS00896/DSECTION=7">Cavities/tooth decay</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080315144137/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/cavities/DS00896/DSECTION%3D7">Archived</a> 2008-03-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, hosted on the Mayo Clinic website. Page accessed May 25, 2008.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDouglassLiTinanoff2008" class="citation cs2">Douglass, JM; Li, Y; Tinanoff, N. (Sep–Oct 2008), "Association of mutans streptococci between caregivers and their children", <i>Pediatric Dentistry</i>, <b>30</b> (5): 375–87, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18942596">18942596</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatric+Dentistry&rft.atitle=Association+of+mutans+streptococci+between+caregivers+and+their+children&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=375-87&rft.date=2008-09%2F2008-10&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18942596&rft.aulast=Douglass&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Li%2C+Y&rft.au=Tinanoff%2C+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSilverstone_LM1983" class="citation journal cs1">Silverstone LM (May 1983). "Remineralization and enamel caries: new concepts". <i>Dental Update</i>. <b>10</b> (4): 261–73. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6578983">6578983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dental+Update&rft.atitle=Remineralization+and+enamel+caries%3A+new+concepts&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=261-73&rft.date=1983-05&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6578983&rft.au=Silverstone+LM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madigan M.T. & Martinko J.M. Brock – <i>Biology of Microorganisms.</i> 11th Ed., 2006, Pearson, USA. pp. 705</span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dent.ucla.edu/ce/caries/">Dental Caries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060630205712/http://www.dent.ucla.edu/ce/caries/">Archived</a> 2006-06-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, hosted on the University of California Los Angeles School of Dentistry website. Page accessed August 14, 2006.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-summit75-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-summit75_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summit, James B., J. William Robbins, and Richard S. Schwartz. "Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry: A Contemporary Approach." 2nd edition. Carol Stream, Illinois, Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc, 2001, p. 75. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86715-382-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-86715-382-2">0-86715-382-2</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-MastRodrigueztapia2013-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MastRodrigueztapia2013_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MastRodrigueztapia2013_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMastRodrigueztapiaDaenikerKrejci2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mast P, Rodrigueztapia MT, Daeniker L, Krejci I (Sep 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://admin.ejpd.eu/download/EJPD_2013_03_07.pdf">"Understanding MIH: definition, epidemiology, differential diagnosis and new treatment guidelines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry</i> (Review). <b>14</b> (3): 204–8. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24295005">24295005</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005114609/http://admin.ejpd.eu/download/EJPD_2013_03_07.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-10-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Paediatric+Dentistry&rft.atitle=Understanding+MIH%3A+definition%2C+epidemiology%2C+differential+diagnosis+and+new+treatment+guidelines&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=204-8&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24295005&rft.aulast=Mast&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Rodrigueztapia%2C+MT&rft.au=Daeniker%2C+L&rft.au=Krejci%2C+I&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadmin.ejpd.eu%2Fdownload%2FEJPD_2013_03_07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSilvaScurrahCraigManton2016" class="citation journal cs1">Silva, Mihiri J.; Scurrah, Katrina J.; Craig, Jeffrey M.; Manton, David J.; Kilpatrick, Nicky (August 2016). "Etiology of molar incisor hypomineralization - A systematic review". <i>Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology</i>. <b>44</b> (4): 342–353. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fcdoe.12229">10.1111/cdoe.12229</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/11343%2F291225">11343/291225</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1600-0528">1600-0528</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27121068">27121068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Community+Dentistry+and+Oral+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=Etiology+of+molar+incisor+hypomineralization+-+A+systematic+review&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=342-353&rft.date=2016-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11343%2F291225&rft.issn=1600-0528&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27121068&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fcdoe.12229&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=Mihiri+J.&rft.au=Scurrah%2C+Katrina+J.&rft.au=Craig%2C+Jeffrey+M.&rft.au=Manton%2C+David+J.&rft.au=Kilpatrick%2C+Nicky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-WilliamMesser2006-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WilliamMesser2006_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFWilliamMesserBurrow2006" class="citation journal cs1">William V, Messer LB, Burrow MF (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aapd.org/assets/1/25/william2-28-3.pdf">"Molar incisor hypomineralization: review and recommendations for clinical management"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pediatric Dentistry</i> (Review). <b>28</b> (3): 224–32. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16805354">16805354</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306130920/http://www.aapd.org/assets/1/25/william2-28-3.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-03-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatric+Dentistry&rft.atitle=Molar+incisor+hypomineralization%3A+review+and+recommendations+for+clinical+management&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=224-32&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16805354&rft.aulast=William&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Messer%2C+LB&rft.au=Burrow%2C+MF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aapd.org%2Fassets%2F1%2F25%2Fwilliam2-28-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NIH-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NIH_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://celiac.nih.gov/PDF/Dental_Enamel_Defects_508.pdf">"Dental Enamel Defects and Celiac Disease"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Institute of Health (NIH). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305124250/http://celiac.nih.gov/PDF/Dental_Enamel_Defects_508.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Mar 7,</span> 2016</span>. <q>Tooth defects that result from celiac disease may resemble those caused by too much fluoride or a maternal or early childhood illness. Dentists mostly say it’s from fluoride, that the mother took tetracycline, or that there was an illness early on</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dental+Enamel+Defects+and+Celiac+Disease&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Health+%28NIH%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fceliac.nih.gov%2FPDF%2FDental_Enamel_Defects_508.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FerrazCampos2012-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FerrazCampos2012_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFFerrazCampos_EdeSarmentoSilva2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ferraz EG, Campos Ede J, Sarmento VA, Silva LR (2012). "The oral manifestations of celiac disease: information for the pediatric dentist". <i>Pediatric Dentistry</i> (Review). <b>34</b> (7): 485–8. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23265166">23265166</a>. <q>The presence of these clinical features in children may signal the need for early investigation of possible celiac disease, especially in asymptomatic cases. (...) Pediatric dentists must recognize typical oral lesions, especially those associated with nutritional deficiencies, and should suspect the presence of celiac disease, which can change the disease’s course and patient’s prognosis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatric+Dentistry&rft.atitle=The+oral+manifestations+of+celiac+disease%3A+information+for+the+pediatric+dentist&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=485-8&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23265166&rft.aulast=Ferraz&rft.aufirst=EG&rft.au=Campos+Ede%2C+J&rft.au=Sarmento%2C+VA&rft.au=Silva%2C+LR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-RashidZarkadas2011-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RashidZarkadas2011_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFRashidZarkadasAncaLimeback2011" class="citation journal cs1">Rashid M, Zarkadas M, Anca A, Limeback H (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcda.ca/article/b39">"Oral manifestations of celiac disease: a clinical guide for dentists"</a>. <i>Journal of the Canadian Dental Association</i> (Review). <b>77</b>: b39. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21507289">21507289</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308090224/http://www.jcda.ca/article/b39">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Canadian+Dental+Association&rft.atitle=Oral+manifestations+of+celiac+disease%3A+a+clinical+guide+for+dentists&rft.volume=77&rft.pages=b39&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21507289&rft.aulast=Rashid&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Zarkadas%2C+M&rft.au=Anca%2C+A&rft.au=Limeback%2C+H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jcda.ca%2Farticle%2Fb39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-GiucaCei2010-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GiucaCei2010_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGiucaCeiGigliGandini2010" class="citation journal cs1">Giuca MR, Cei G, Gigli F, Gandini P (2010). "Oral signs in the diagnosis of celiac disease: review of the literature". <i>Minerva Stomatologica</i> (Review). <b>59</b> (1–2): 33–43. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20212408">20212408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minerva+Stomatologica&rft.atitle=Oral+signs+in+the+diagnosis+of+celiac+disease%3A+review+of+the+literature&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=33-43&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20212408&rft.aulast=Giuca&rft.aufirst=MR&rft.au=Cei%2C+G&rft.au=Gigli%2C+F&rft.au=Gandini%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-neville89-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-neville89_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neville, B.W., Damm, Douglas; Allen, Carl and Bouquot, Jerry (2002). "<i>Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology.</i>" 2nd edition, p. 89. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7216-9003-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7216-9003-3">0-7216-9003-3</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-neville94-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-neville94_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neville, B.W., Damm, Douglas; Allen, Carl and Bouquot, Jerry (2002). "<i>Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology.</i>" 2nd edition, p. 94. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7216-9003-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7216-9003-3">0-7216-9003-3</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nanci">Nanci</a>, p. 122</span>
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<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDawes_C2003" class="citation journal cs1">Dawes C (December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cda-adc.ca/jcda/vol-69/issue-11/722.html">"What is the critical pH and why does a tooth dissolve in acid?"</a>. <i>Journal of the Canadian Dental Association</i>. <b>69</b> (11): 722–4. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14653937">14653937</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090714130336/http://www.cda-adc.ca/jcda/vol-69/issue-11/722.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Canadian+Dental+Association&rft.atitle=What+is+the+critical+pH+and+why+does+a+tooth+dissolve+in+acid%3F&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=722-4&rft.date=2003-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14653937&rft.au=Dawes+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cda-adc.ca%2Fjcda%2Fvol-69%2Fissue-11%2F722.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMellberg_JR1986" class="citation journal cs1">Mellberg JR (1986). "Demineralization and remineralization of root surface caries". <i>Gerodontology</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 25–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-2358.1986.tb00380.x">10.1111/j.1741-2358.1986.tb00380.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3549537">3549537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gerodontology&rft.atitle=Demineralization+and+remineralization+of+root+surface+caries&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-31&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1741-2358.1986.tb00380.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3549537&rft.au=Mellberg+JR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBorzabadi-Farahani,_AEslamipour,_FAsgari,_I2011" class="citation journal cs1">Borzabadi-Farahani, A; Eslamipour, F; Asgari, I (2011). "Association between orthodontic treatment need and caries experience". <i>Acta Odontologica Scandinavica</i>. <b>69</b> (1): 2–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F00016357.2010.516732">10.3109/00016357.2010.516732</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20923258">20923258</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25095059">25095059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Odontologica+Scandinavica&rft.atitle=Association+between+orthodontic+treatment+need+and+caries+experience&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2-11&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25095059%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20923258&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F00016357.2010.516732&rft.au=Borzabadi-Farahani%2C+A&rft.au=Eslamipour%2C+F&rft.au=Asgari%2C+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHafezShaarawyAl-SakitiMostafa2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hafez, HS; Shaarawy, SM; Al-Sakiti, AA; Mostafa, YA (2012). "Dental crowding as a caries risk factor: A systematic review". <i>American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics</i>. <b>142</b> (4): 443–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajodo.2012.04.018">10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.04.018</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22999666">22999666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Orthodontics+and+Dentofacial+Orthopedics&rft.atitle=Dental+crowding+as+a+caries+risk+factor%3A+A+systematic+review&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=443-50&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajodo.2012.04.018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22999666&rft.aulast=Hafez&rft.aufirst=HS&rft.au=Shaarawy%2C+SM&rft.au=Al-Sakiti%2C+AA&rft.au=Mostafa%2C+YA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-neville398-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-neville398_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-neville398_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Neville, B. W., Douglas Damm, Carl Allen, Jerry Bouquot. <i>Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology</i> 2nd edition, 2002, p. 398. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7216-9003-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7216-9003-3">0-7216-9003-3</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/supportivecare/oralcomplications/Patient/page5">Oral Complications of Chemotherapy and Head/Neck Radiation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206081959/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/supportivecare/oralcomplications/Patient/page5">Archived</a> 2008-12-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, hosted on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancer.gov/">National Cancer Institute</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150312111454/http://www.cancer.gov/">Archived</a> 2015-03-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> website. Page accessed January 8, 2007.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Common effects of cancer therapies on salivary glands at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230733/http://ebd.ada.org/SystematicReviewSummaryPage.aspx?srId=66bffb53-0043-4892-a8ab-f0cfe2231928">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebd.ada.org/SystematicReviewSummaryPage.aspx?srId=66bffb53-0043-4892-a8ab-f0cfe2231928">the original</a> on 2013-12-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febd.ada.org%2FSystematicReviewSummaryPage.aspx%3FsrId%3D66bffb53-0043-4892-a8ab-f0cfe2231928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph R. Steinman & John Leonora (1971) "Relationship of fluid transport through dentation to the incidence of dental caries", <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Dental_Research" title="Journal of Dental Research">Journal of Dental Research</a></i> 50(6): 1536 to 43</span>
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<li id="cite_note-neville347-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-neville347_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neville, B.W., Douglas Damm, Carl Allen, Jerry Bouquot. <i>Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology</i> 2nd edition, 2002, p. 347. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7216-9003-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7216-9003-3">0-7216-9003-3</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perio.org/consumer/smoking.htm">Tobacco Use Increases the Risk of Gum Disease</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070109123411/http://www.perio.org/consumer/smoking.htm">Archived</a> 2007-01-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, hosted on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perio.org/index.html">American Academy of Periodontology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051214140958/http://www.perio.org/index.html">Archived</a> 2005-12-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Page accessed January 9, 2007.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-banting19-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-banting19_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Banting, D. W. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nidcr.nih.gov/NR/rdonlyres/5A4386A8-E750-43E9-8450-651F4789D09A/0/David_Banting.pdf">The Diagnosis of Root Caries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060930192216/http://www.nidcr.nih.gov/NR/rdonlyres/5A4386A8-E750-43E9-8450-651F4789D09A/0/David_Banting.pdf">Archived</a> 2006-09-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." Presentation to the National Institute of Health Consensus Development Conference on Diagnosis and Management of Dental Caries Throughout Life, in pdf format, hosted on the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, p. 19. Page accessed August 15, 2006.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/sgr/sgr_2004/pdf/executivesummary.pdf">Executive Summary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070216060432/http://www.cdc.gov/TOBACCO/SGR/sgr_2004/pdf/executivesummary.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-02-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of U.S. Surgeon General's report titled, "The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General," hosted on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov">CDC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320214638/http://www.cdc.gov/">Archived</a> 2012-03-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> website, p. 12. Page accessed January 9, 2007.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFZhouRosenthalShermanZelikoff2014" class="citation journal cs1">Zhou, S; Rosenthal, DG; Sherman, S; Zelikoff, J; Gordon, T; Weitzman, M (September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6876620">"Physical, behavioral, and cognitive effects of prenatal tobacco and postnatal secondhand smoke exposure"</a>. <i>Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care</i>. <b>44</b> (8): 219–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cppeds.2014.03.007">10.1016/j.cppeds.2014.03.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6876620">6876620</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25106748">25106748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Problems+in+Pediatric+and+Adolescent+Health+Care&rft.atitle=Physical%2C+behavioral%2C+and+cognitive+effects+of+prenatal+tobacco+and+postnatal+secondhand+smoke+exposure&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=219-41&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6876620%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25106748&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cppeds.2014.03.007&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Rosenthal%2C+DG&rft.au=Sherman%2C+S&rft.au=Zelikoff%2C+J&rft.au=Gordon%2C+T&rft.au=Weitzman%2C+M&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6876620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBrudevoldSteadman1956" class="citation journal cs1">Brudevold F, Steadman LT (1956). "The distribution of lead in human enamel". <i>Journal of Dental Research</i>. <b>35</b> (3): 430–437. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00220345560350031401">10.1177/00220345560350031401</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13332147">13332147</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5453470">5453470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dental+Research&rft.atitle=The+distribution+of+lead+in+human+enamel&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=430-437&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5453470%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13332147&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F00220345560350031401&rft.aulast=Brudevold&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Steadman%2C+LT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBrudevoldAasendenSrinivasianBakhos1977" class="citation journal cs1">Brudevold F, Aasenden R, Srinivasian BN, Bakhos Y (1977). "Lead in enamel and saliva, dental caries and the use of enamel biopsies for measuring past exposure to lead". <i>Journal of Dental Research</i>. <b>56</b> (10): 1165–1171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00220345770560100701">10.1177/00220345770560100701</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/272374">272374</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37185511">37185511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dental+Research&rft.atitle=Lead+in+enamel+and+saliva%2C+dental+caries+and+the+use+of+enamel+biopsies+for+measuring+past+exposure+to+lead&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1165-1171&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37185511%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F272374&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F00220345770560100701&rft.aulast=Brudevold&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Aasenden%2C+R&rft.au=Srinivasian%2C+BN&rft.au=Bakhos%2C+Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGoyer_RA1990" class="citation journal cs1">Goyer RA (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1567784">"Transplacental transport of lead"</a>. <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>. <b>89</b>: 101–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3430905">10.2307/3430905</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3430905">3430905</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1567784">1567784</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2088735">2088735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Transplacental+transport+of+lead&rft.volume=89&rft.pages=101-105&rft.date=1990&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1567784%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2088735&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3430905%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3430905&rft.au=Goyer+RA&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1567784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMossLanphearAuinger1999" class="citation journal cs1">Moss ME, Lanphear BP, Auinger P (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.281.24.2294">"Association of dental caries and blood lead levels"</a>. <i>JAMA</i>. <b>281</b> (24): 2294–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.281.24.2294">10.1001/jama.281.24.2294</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10386553">10386553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Association+of+dental+caries+and+blood+lead+levels&rft.volume=281&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=2294-8&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.281.24.2294&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10386553&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=ME&rft.au=Lanphear%2C+BP&rft.au=Auinger%2C+P&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1001%252Fjama.281.24.2294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFCampbellMossRaubertas2000" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell JR, Moss ME, Raubertas RF (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1240169">"The association between caries and childhood lead exposure"</a>. <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>. <b>108</b> (11): 1099–1102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3434965">10.2307/3434965</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3434965">3434965</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1240169">1240169</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11102303">11102303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=The+association+between+caries+and+childhood+lead+exposure&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1099-1102&rft.date=2000&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1240169%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11102303&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3434965%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3434965&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=JR&rft.au=Moss%2C+ME&rft.au=Raubertas%2C+RF&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1240169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGemmelTavaresAlperinSoncini2002" class="citation journal cs1">Gemmel A, Tavares M, Alperin S, Soncini J, Daniel D, Dunn J, Crawford S, Braveman N, Clarkson TW, McKinlay S, Bellinger DC (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241049">"Blood Lead Level and Dental Caries in School-Age Children"</a>. <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>. <b>110</b> (10): A625–A630. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.021100625">10.1289/ehp.021100625</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241049">1241049</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12361944">12361944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Blood+Lead+Level+and+Dental+Caries+in+School-Age+Children&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=A625-A630&rft.date=2002&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1241049%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12361944&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.021100625&rft.aulast=Gemmel&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Tavares%2C+M&rft.au=Alperin%2C+S&rft.au=Soncini%2C+J&rft.au=Daniel%2C+D&rft.au=Dunn%2C+J&rft.au=Crawford%2C+S&rft.au=Braveman%2C+N&rft.au=Clarkson%2C+TW&rft.au=McKinlay%2C+S&rft.au=Bellinger%2C+DC&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1241049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBillingsBerkowitzWatson2004" class="citation journal cs1">Billings RJ, Berkowitz RJ, Watson G (2004). "Teeth". <i>Pediatrics</i>. <b>113</b> (4): 1120–1127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.113.S3.1120">10.1542/peds.113.S3.1120</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15060208">15060208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatrics&rft.atitle=Teeth&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1120-1127&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1542%2Fpeds.113.S3.1120&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15060208&rft.aulast=Billings&rft.aufirst=RJ&rft.au=Berkowitz%2C+RJ&rft.au=Watson%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFLeroyBres2001" class="citation journal cs1">Leroy N, Bres E (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22203%2FeCM.v002a05">"Structure and substitutions in fluorapatite"</a>. <i>European Cells and Materials</i>. <b>2</b>: 36–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22203%2FeCM.v002a05">10.22203/eCM.v002a05</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14562256">14562256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Cells+and+Materials&rft.atitle=Structure+and+substitutions+in+fluorapatite&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=36-48&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22203%2FeCM.v002a05&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14562256&rft.aulast=Leroy&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Bres%2C+E&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.22203%252FeCM.v002a05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAroraWeuveSchwartzWright2008" class="citation journal cs1">Arora M, Weuve J, Schwartz J, Wright RO (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2430240">"Association of environmental cadmium exposure with pediatric dental caries"</a>. <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>. <b>116</b> (6): 821–825. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.10947">10.1289/ehp.10947</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2430240">2430240</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18560540">18560540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Association+of+environmental+cadmium+exposure+with+pediatric+dental+caries&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=821-825&rft.date=2008&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2430240%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18560540&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.10947&rft.aulast=Arora&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Weuve%2C+J&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+J&rft.au=Wright%2C+RO&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2430240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDye_B2010" class="citation journal cs1">Dye B (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2966663">"Trends in Oral Health by Poverty Status as Measured by Healthy People 2010 Objectives"</a>. <i>Public Health Reports</i>. <b>125</b> (6): 817–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003335491012500609">10.1177/003335491012500609</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2966663">2966663</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21121227">21121227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Health+Reports&rft.atitle=Trends+in+Oral+Health+by+Poverty+Status+as+Measured+by+Healthy+People+2010+Objectives&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=817-30&rft.date=2010&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2966663%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21121227&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F003335491012500609&rft.au=Dye+B&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2966663&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSelwitz_R._H.Ismail_A._I.Pitts_N._B.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Selwitz R. H.; Ismail A. I.; Pitts N. B. (2007). "Dental caries". <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>369</b> (9555): 51–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2807%2960031-2">10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60031-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17208642">17208642</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204616785">204616785</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Dental+caries&rft.volume=369&rft.issue=9555&rft.pages=51-59&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A204616785%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17208642&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2807%2960031-2&rft.au=Selwitz+R.+H.&rft.au=Ismail+A.+I.&rft.au=Pitts+N.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Herbst-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herbst_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHerbst_RS2004" class="citation journal cs1">Herbst RS (2004). "Review of epidermal growth factor receptor biology". <i>International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics</i>. <b>59</b> (2 Suppl): 21–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijrobp.2003.11.041">10.1016/j.ijrobp.2003.11.041</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15142631">15142631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Radiation+Oncology%2C+Biology%2C+Physics&rft.atitle=Review+of+epidermal+growth+factor+receptor+biology&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2+Suppl&rft.pages=21-6&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijrobp.2003.11.041&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15142631&rft.au=Herbst+RS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFVenturiVenturi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Venturi S, Venturi M (2009). "Iodine in evolution of salivary glands and in oral health". <i>Nutrition and Health</i>. <b>20</b> (2): 119–134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F026010600902000204">10.1177/026010600902000204</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19835108">19835108</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25710052">25710052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutrition+and+Health&rft.atitle=Iodine+in+evolution+of+salivary+glands+and+in+oral+health&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=119-134&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25710052%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19835108&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F026010600902000204&rft.aulast=Venturi&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Venturi%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dentalcariesdise00ofej"><i>Dental caries : the disease and its clinical management</i></a></span>. Fejerskov, Ole., Kidd, Edwina A. M. (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Munksgaard. 2008. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dentalcariesdise00ofej/page/n190">166</a>–169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3889-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3889-5"><bdi>978-1-4051-3889-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/136316302">136316302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dental+caries+%3A+the+disease+and+its+clinical+management&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=166-169&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell+Munksgaard&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F136316302&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-3889-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdentalcariesdise00ofej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBanerjee,_Avijit.2011" class="citation book cs1">Banerjee, Avijit. (2011). <i>Pickard's manual of operative dentistry</i>. Watson, Timothy F. (Ninth ed.). Oxford. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100304-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100304-2"><bdi>978-0-19-100304-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/867050322">867050322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pickard%27s+manual+of+operative+dentistry&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=2&rft.edition=Ninth&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F867050322&rft.isbn=978-0-19-100304-2&rft.au=Banerjee%2C+Avijit.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</li>
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<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fejerskov O, Nyvad B, Kidd EA (2008) "Pathology of dental caries", pp 20–48 in Fejerskov O, Kidd EAM (eds) <i>Dental caries: The disease and its clinical management</i>. Oxford, Blackwell Munksgaard, Vol. 2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1444309285" title="Special:BookSources/1444309285">1444309285</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-kidd-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kidd_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kidd_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKiddFejerskov2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kidd EA, Fejerskov O (2004). "What constitutes dental caries? Histopathology of carious enamel and dentin related to the action of cariogenic biofilms". <i>Journal of Dental Research</i>. 83 Spec No C: C35–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F154405910408301S07">10.1177/154405910408301S07</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15286119">15286119</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12240610">12240610</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dental+Research&rft.atitle=What+constitutes+dental+caries%3F+Histopathology+of+carious+enamel+and+dentin+related+to+the+action+of+cariogenic+biofilms&rft.volume=83+Spec+No+C&rft.pages=C35-8&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12240610%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15286119&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F154405910408301S07&rft.aulast=Kidd&rft.aufirst=EA&rft.au=Fejerskov%2C+O&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDarling_AI1963" class="citation journal cs1">Darling AI (1963). "Resistance of the enamel to dental caries". <i>Journal of Dental Research</i>. <b>42</b> (1 Pt2): 488–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00220345630420015601">10.1177/00220345630420015601</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14041429">14041429</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:71450112">71450112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dental+Research&rft.atitle=Resistance+of+the+enamel+to+dental+caries&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1+Pt2&rft.pages=488-96&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A71450112%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14041429&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F00220345630420015601&rft.au=Darling+AI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-robinson-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-robinson_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonShoreBrookesStrafford2000" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson C, Shore RC, Brookes SJ, Strafford S, Wood SR, Kirkham J (2000). "The chemistry of enamel caries". <i>Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine</i>. <b>11</b> (4): 481–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F10454411000110040601">10.1177/10454411000110040601</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11132767">11132767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Reviews+in+Oral+Biology+%26+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+chemistry+of+enamel+caries&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=481-95&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F10454411000110040601&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11132767&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Shore%2C+RC&rft.au=Brookes%2C+SJ&rft.au=Strafford%2C+S&rft.au=Wood%2C+SR&rft.au=Kirkham%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-cate417-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cate417_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nanci">Nanci</a>, p. 121</span>
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<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/hsc/dental/PTHL312abc/312b/09/Reader/reader_set.html">Teeth & Jaws: Caries, Pulp, & Periapical Conditions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070506034332/http://www.usc.edu/hsc/dental/PTHL312abc/312b/09/Reader/reader_set.html">Archived</a> 2007-05-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," hosted on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/hsc/dental/">University of Southern California School of Dentistry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051207020003/http://www.usc.edu/hsc/dental/">Archived</a> 2005-12-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> website. Page accessed June 22, 2007.</span>
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</li>
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<li id="cite_note-ross450-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ross450_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross, Michael H., Kaye, Gordon I. and Pawlina, Wojciech (2003) <i>Histology: a text and atlas.</i> 4th edition, p. 450. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-683-30242-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-683-30242-6">0-683-30242-6</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-cate152-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cate152_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cate152_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nanci">Nanci</a>, p. 166</span>
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</li>
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<li id="cite_note-summit13-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-summit13_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summit, James B., J. William Robbins, and Richard S. Schwartz. <i>Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry: A Contemporary Approach</i> 2nd edition. Carol Stream, Illinois, Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc, 2001, p. 13. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86715-382-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-86715-382-2">0-86715-382-2</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDababnehKhouriAddy1999" class="citation journal cs1">Dababneh RH, Khouri AT, Addy M (December 1999). "Dentine hypersensitivity – an enigma? A review of terminology, mechanisms, aetiology and management". <i>British Dental Journal</i>. <b>187</b> (11): 606–11, discussion 603. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.bdj.4800345a">10.1038/sj.bdj.4800345a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16163281">16163281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Dental+Journal&rft.atitle=Dentine+hypersensitivity+%E2%80%93+an+enigma%3F+A+review+of+terminology%2C+mechanisms%2C+aetiology+and+management&rft.volume=187&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=606-11%2C+discussion+603&rft.date=1999-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.bdj.4800345a&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16163281&rft.aulast=Dababneh&rft.aufirst=RH&rft.au=Khouri%2C+AT&rft.au=Addy%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-transdentinal-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-transdentinal_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-transdentinal_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSmithMurraySloanMatthews2001" class="citation journal cs1">Smith AJ, Murray PE, Sloan AJ, Matthews JB, Zhao S (August 2001). "Trans-dentinal stimulation of tertiary dentinogenesis". <i>Advances in Dental Research</i>. <b>15</b>: 51–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F08959374010150011301">10.1177/08959374010150011301</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12640740">12640740</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7319363">7319363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Dental+Research&rft.atitle=Trans-dentinal+stimulation+of+tertiary+dentinogenesis&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=51-4&rft.date=2001-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7319363%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12640740&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F08959374010150011301&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=AJ&rft.au=Murray%2C+PE&rft.au=Sloan%2C+AJ&rft.au=Matthews%2C+JB&rft.au=Zhao%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-summit14-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-summit14_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summit, James B., J. William Robbins, and Richard S. Schwartz. "Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry: A Contemporary Approach." 2nd edition. Carol Stream, Illinois, Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc, 2001, p. 14. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86715-382-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-86715-382-2">0-86715-382-2</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Illustrated Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy, Bath-Balogh and Fehrenbach, Elsevier, 2011<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Deana2013-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deana2013_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deana2013_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDeanaJesusKoshojiBussadori2013" class="citation journal cs1">Deana, A M; Jesus, S H C; Koshoji, N H; Bussadori, S K; Oliveira, M T (2013). "Detection of early carious lesions using contrast enhancement with coherent light scattering (speckle imaging)". <i>Laser Physics</i>. <b>23</b> (7): 075607. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013LaPhy..23g5607D">2013LaPhy..23g5607D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1054-660x%2F23%2F7%2F075607">10.1088/1054-660x/23/7/075607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Laser+Physics&rft.atitle=Detection+of+early+carious+lesions+using+contrast+enhancement+with+coherent+light+scattering+%28speckle+imaging%29&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=075607&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1054-660x%2F23%2F7%2F075607&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013LaPhy..23g5607D&rft.aulast=Deana&rft.aufirst=A+M&rft.au=Jesus%2C+S+H+C&rft.au=Koshoji%2C+N+H&rft.au=Bussadori%2C+S+K&rft.au=Oliveira%2C+M+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosenstiel, Stephen F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.umich.edu/dentlib/nihcdc/abstracts/rosenstiel.html">Clinical Diagnosis of Dental Caries: A North American Perspective</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060809104659/http://www.lib.umich.edu/dentlib/nihcdc/abstracts/rosenstiel.html">Archived</a> 2006-08-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Maintained by the University of Michigan Dentistry Library, along with the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. 2000. Page accessed August 13, 2006.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-summit31-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-summit31_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summit, James B., J. William Robbins, and Richard S. Schwartz. <i>Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry: A Contemporary Approach</i> 2nd edition. Carol Stream, Illinois, Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc, 2001, p. 31. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86715-382-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-86715-382-2">0-86715-382-2</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-HC-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HC_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HC_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFZadik_YehudaBechor_Ron2008" class="citation journal cs1">Zadik Yehuda; Bechor Ron (June–July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722002339/http://www.nysdental.org/img/current-pdf/JrnlJuneJuly2008.pdf">"Hidden Occlusal Caries – Challenge for the Dentist"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The New York State Dental Journal</i>. <b>74</b> (4): 46–50. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18788181">18788181</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nysdental.org/img/current-pdf/JrnlJuneJuly2008.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+State+Dental+Journal&rft.atitle=Hidden+Occlusal+Caries+%E2%80%93+Challenge+for+the+Dentist&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=46-50&rft.date=2008-06%2F2008-07&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18788181&rft.au=Zadik+Yehuda&rft.au=Bechor+Ron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nysdental.org%2Fimg%2Fcurrent-pdf%2FJrnlJuneJuly2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBaelum2008" class="citation book cs1">Baelum, edited by Ole Fejerskov and Edwina Kidd; with Bente Nyvad and Vibeke (2008). <i>Dental caries: the disease and its clinical management</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Munksgaard. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3889-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3889-5"><bdi>978-1-4051-3889-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dental+caries%3A+the+disease+and+its+clinical+management&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=67&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell+Munksgaard&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-3889-5&rft.aulast=Baelum&rft.aufirst=edited+by+Ole+Fejerskov+and+Edwina+Kidd%3B+with+Bente+Nyvad+and+Vibeke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-sonis139-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sonis139_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSonis,_Stephen_T.2003" class="citation book cs1">Sonis, Stephen T. (2003). <i>Dental Secrets</i> (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56053-573-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56053-573-7"><bdi>978-1-56053-573-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dental+Secrets&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=130&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Hanley+%26+Belfus&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-56053-573-7&rft.au=Sonis%2C+Stephen+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sukumaran Anil. Early Childhood Caries: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Prevention</span>
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<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ada.org/public/topics/decay_childhood_faq.asp">ADA Early Childhood Tooth Decay (Baby Bottle Tooth Decay)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060813180046/http://www.ada.org/public/topics/decay_childhood_faq.asp">Archived</a> 2006-08-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Hosted on the American Dental Association website. Page accessed August 14, 2006.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statement on Early Childhood Caries, American Dental Association at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ada.org/2057.aspx">"Statement on Early Childhood Caries"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512185623/http://ada.org/2057.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+on+Early+Childhood+Caries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ada.org%2F2057.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dent.ohio-state.edu/radiologycarie/classification.htm">Radiographic Classification of Caries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060823184853/http://www.dent.ohio-state.edu/radiologycarie/classification.htm">Archived</a> 2006-08-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Hosted on the Ohio State University website. Page accessed August 14, 2006.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ada.org/prof/resources/topics/methmouth.asp">ADA Methamphetamine Use (METH MOUTH)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080601035323/http://www.ada.org/prof/resources/topics/methmouth.asp">Archived</a> 2008-06-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Hosted on the American Dental Association website. Page accessed February 14, 2007.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Prevention and Management of Dental Caries in Children</i>. Dundee Dental Education Centre, Frankland Building, Small's Wynd, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland: Scottish Dental Clinical Effectiveness Programme. April 2010. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781905829088" title="Special:BookSources/9781905829088"><bdi>9781905829088</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prevention+and+Management+of+Dental+Caries+in+Children&rft.place=Dundee+Dental+Education+Centre%2C+Frankland+Building%2C+Small%27s+Wynd%2C+Dundee+DD1+4HN%2C+Scotland&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Scottish+Dental+Clinical+Effectiveness+Programme&rft.date=2010-04&rft.isbn=9781905829088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHelfensteinSteinerMarthaler1991" class="citation journal cs1">Helfenstein, U.; Steiner, M.; Marthaler, T. M. (1991). "Caries prediction on the basis of past caries including precavity lesions". <i>Caries Research</i>. <b>25</b> (5): 372–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000261394">10.1159/000261394</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1747888">1747888</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Caries+Research&rft.atitle=Caries+prediction+on+the+basis+of+past+caries+including+precavity+lesions&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=372-6&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000261394&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1747888&rft.aulast=Helfenstein&rft.aufirst=U.&rft.au=Steiner%2C+M.&rft.au=Marthaler%2C+T.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSeppaHausenPollanenHelasharju1989" class="citation journal cs1">Seppa, Liisa; Hausen, Hannu; Pollanen, Lea; Helasharju, Kirsti; Karkkainen, Sakari (1989). "Past caries recordings made in Public Dental Clinics as predictors of caries prevalence in early adolescence". <i>Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology</i>. <b>17</b> (6): 277–281. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0528.1989.tb00635.x">10.1111/j.1600-0528.1989.tb00635.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2686924">2686924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Community+Dentistry+and+Oral+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=Past+caries+recordings+made+in+Public+Dental+Clinics+as+predictors+of+caries+prevalence+in+early+adolescence&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=277-281&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-0528.1989.tb00635.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2686924&rft.aulast=Seppa&rft.aufirst=Liisa&rft.au=Hausen%2C+Hannu&rft.au=Pollanen%2C+Lea&rft.au=Helasharju%2C+Kirsti&rft.au=Karkkainen%2C+Sakari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDorriDunneWalshSchwendicke2015" class="citation journal cs1">Dorri, Mojtaba; Dunne, Stephen M; Walsh, Tanya; Schwendicke, Falk (2015-11-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8504982">"Micro-invasive interventions for managing proximal dental decay in primary and permanent teeth"</a>. <i>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>2015</b> (11): CD010431. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.cd010431.pub2">10.1002/14651858.cd010431.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1465-1858">1465-1858</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8504982">8504982</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26545080">26545080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Micro-invasive+interventions+for+managing+proximal+dental+decay+in+primary+and+permanent+teeth&rft.volume=2015&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=CD010431&rft.date=2015-11-05&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8504982%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1465-1858&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26545080&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.cd010431.pub2&rft.aulast=Dorri&rft.aufirst=Mojtaba&rft.au=Dunne%2C+Stephen+M&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Tanya&rft.au=Schwendicke%2C+Falk&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8504982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dentistry.leeds.ac.uk/OROFACE/PAGES/micro/micro2.html">Introduction to Dental Plaque</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060623041937/http://www.dentistry.leeds.ac.uk/OROFACE/PAGES/micro/micro2.html">Archived</a> 2006-06-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Hosted on the <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Dental_Institute" title="Leeds Dental Institute">Leeds Dental Institute</a> Website. Page accessed August 14, 2006.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHujoelHujoelKotsakis2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hujoel, Philippe Pierre; Hujoel, Margaux Louise A.; Kotsakis, Georgios A. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fger.12331">"Personal oral hygiene and dental caries: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials"</a>. <i>Gerodontology</i>. <b>35</b> (4): 282–289. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fger.12331">10.1111/ger.12331</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1741-2358">1741-2358</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29766564">29766564</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21697327">21697327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gerodontology&rft.atitle=Personal+oral+hygiene+and+dental+caries%3A+A+systematic+review+of+randomised+controlled+trials&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=282-289&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=1741-2358&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21697327%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29766564&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fger.12331&rft.aulast=Hujoel&rft.aufirst=Philippe+Pierre&rft.au=Hujoel%2C+Margaux+Louise+A.&rft.au=Kotsakis%2C+Georgios+A.&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fger.12331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSambunjakNickersonPoklepovicJohnson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sambunjak, Dario; Nickerson, Jason W; Poklepovic, Tina; Johnson, Trevor M; Imai, Pauline; Tugwell, Peter; Worthington, Helen V (2011-12-07). "Flossing for the management of periodontal diseases and dental caries in adults". <i>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i> (12): CD008829. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.cd008829.pub2">10.1002/14651858.cd008829.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1465-1858">1465-1858</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22161438">22161438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Flossing+for+the+management+of+periodontal+diseases+and+dental+caries+in+adults&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=CD008829&rft.date=2011-12-07&rft.issn=1465-1858&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22161438&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.cd008829.pub2&rft.aulast=Sambunjak&rft.aufirst=Dario&rft.au=Nickerson%2C+Jason+W&rft.au=Poklepovic%2C+Tina&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Trevor+M&rft.au=Imai%2C+Pauline&rft.au=Tugwell%2C+Peter&rft.au=Worthington%2C+Helen+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDeaconGlennyDeeryRobinson2010" class="citation journal cs1">Deacon, Scott A.; Glenny, Anne-Marie; Deery, Chris; Robinson, Peter G.; Heanue, Mike; Walmsley, A Damien; Shaw, William C. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8406707">"Different powered toothbrushes for plaque control and gingival health"</a>. <i>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>2020</b> (12): CD004971. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.cd004971.pub2">10.1002/14651858.cd004971.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8406707">8406707</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21154357">21154357</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Different+powered+toothbrushes+for+plaque+control+and+gingival+health&rft.volume=2020&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=CD004971&rft.date=2010&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8406707%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21154357&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.cd004971.pub2&rft.aulast=Deacon&rft.aufirst=Scott+A.&rft.au=Glenny%2C+Anne-Marie&rft.au=Deery%2C+Chris&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Peter+G.&rft.au=Heanue%2C+Mike&rft.au=Walmsley%2C+A+Damien&rft.au=Shaw%2C+William+C.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8406707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFWalshWorthingtonGlennyMarinho2019" class="citation journal cs1">Walsh, Tanya; Worthington, Helen V.; Glenny, Anne-Marie; Marinho, Valeria Cc; Jeroncic, Ana (4 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6398117">"Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries"</a>. <i>The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>3</b>: CD007868. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD007868.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD007868.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-493X">1469-493X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6398117">6398117</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30829399">30829399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Fluoride+toothpastes+of+different+concentrations+for+preventing+dental+caries&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=CD007868&rft.date=2019-03-04&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6398117%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1469-493X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30829399&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD007868.pub3&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Tanya&rft.au=Worthington%2C+Helen+V.&rft.au=Glenny%2C+Anne-Marie&rft.au=Marinho%2C+Valeria+Cc&rft.au=Jeroncic%2C+Ana&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6398117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKraivaphanAmornchatTriratanaMateo2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kraivaphan, Petcharat; Amornchat, Cholticha; Triratana, T; Mateo, L.R.; Ellwood, R; Cummins, Diane; Devizio, William; Zhang, Y-P (2013-08-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256289867">"Two-Year Caries Clinical Study of the Efficacy of Novel Dentifrices Containing 1.5% Arginine, an Insoluble Calcium Compound and 1,450 ppm Fluoride"</a>. <i>Caries Research</i>. <b>47</b> (6): 582–590. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000353183">10.1159/000353183</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23988908">23988908</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17683424">17683424</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Caries+Research&rft.atitle=Two-Year+Caries+Clinical+Study+of+the+Efficacy+of+Novel+Dentifrices+Containing+1.5%25+Arginine%2C+an+Insoluble+Calcium+Compound+and+1%2C450+ppm+Fluoride&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=582-590&rft.date=2013-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17683424%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23988908&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000353183&rft.aulast=Kraivaphan&rft.aufirst=Petcharat&rft.au=Amornchat%2C+Cholticha&rft.au=Triratana%2C+T&rft.au=Mateo%2C+L.R.&rft.au=Ellwood%2C+R&rft.au=Cummins%2C+Diane&rft.au=Devizio%2C+William&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Y-P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F256289867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKraivaphanAmornchatTriratanaMateo2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kraivaphan, P.; Amornchat, C.; Triratana, T.; Mateo, L.R.; Ellwood, R.; Cummins, D.; Devizio, W.; Zhang, Y.-P. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/353183">"Two-Year Caries Clinical Study of the Efficacy of Novel Dentifrices Containing 1.5% Arginine, an Insoluble Calcium Compound and 1,450 ppm Fluoride"</a>. <i>Caries Research</i>. <b>47</b> (6): 582–590. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000353183">10.1159/000353183</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23988908">23988908</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17683424">17683424</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Caries+Research&rft.atitle=Two-Year+Caries+Clinical+Study+of+the+Efficacy+of+Novel+Dentifrices+Containing+1.5%25+Arginine%2C+an+Insoluble+Calcium+Compound+and+1%2C450+ppm+Fluoride&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=582-590&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17683424%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23988908&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000353183&rft.aulast=Kraivaphan&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Amornchat%2C+C.&rft.au=Triratana%2C+T.&rft.au=Mateo%2C+L.R.&rft.au=Ellwood%2C+R.&rft.au=Cummins%2C+D.&rft.au=Devizio%2C+W.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Y.-P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.karger.com%2FArticle%2FAbstract%2F353183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMarinhoWorthingtonWalshChong2015" class="citation journal cs1">Marinho, Valeria C. C.; Worthington, Helen V.; Walsh, Tanya; Chong, Lee Yee (2015-06-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7138249">"Fluoride gels for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents"</a>. <i>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>2021</b> (6): CD002280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD002280.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD002280.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-493X">1469-493X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7138249">7138249</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26075879">26075879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Fluoride+gels+for+preventing+dental+caries+in+children+and+adolescents&rft.volume=2021&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=CD002280&rft.date=2015-06-15&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7138249%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1469-493X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26075879&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD002280.pub2&rft.aulast=Marinho&rft.aufirst=Valeria+C.+C.&rft.au=Worthington%2C+Helen+V.&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Tanya&rft.au=Chong%2C+Lee+Yee&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7138249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMarinhoChongWorthingtonWalsh2016" class="citation journal cs1">Marinho, Valeria C. C.; Chong, Lee Yee; Worthington, Helen V.; Walsh, Tanya (2016-07-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6457869">"Fluoride mouthrinses for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents"</a>. <i>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>7</b> (2): CD002284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD002284.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD002284.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-493X">1469-493X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6457869">6457869</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27472005">27472005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Fluoride+mouthrinses+for+preventing+dental+caries+in+children+and+adolescents&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=CD002284&rft.date=2016-07-29&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6457869%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1469-493X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27472005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD002284.pub2&rft.aulast=Marinho&rft.aufirst=Valeria+C.+C.&rft.au=Chong%2C+Lee+Yee&rft.au=Worthington%2C+Helen+V.&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Tanya&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6457869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFal-KhateebO'MullaneWheltonSulaiman2003" class="citation journal cs1">al-Khateeb TL, O'Mullane DM, Whelton H, Sulaiman MI (2003). "Periodontal treatment needs among Saudi Arabian adults and their relationship to the use of the Miswak". <i>Community Dental Health</i>. <b>8</b> (4): 323–328. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0265-539X">0265-539X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1790476">1790476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Community+Dental+Health&rft.atitle=Periodontal+treatment+needs+among+Saudi+Arabian+adults+and+their+relationship+to+the+use+of+the+Miswak&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=323-328&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1790476&rft.issn=0265-539X&rft.aulast=al-Khateeb&rft.aufirst=TL&rft.au=O%27Mullane%2C+DM&rft.au=Whelton%2C+H&rft.au=Sulaiman%2C+MI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSheihamJames2014" class="citation journal cs1">Sheiham, A; James, WP (October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS136898001400113X">"A new understanding of the relationship between sugars, dental caries and fluoride use: implications for limits on sugars consumption"</a>. <i>Public Health Nutrition</i>. <b>17</b> (10): 2176–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS136898001400113X">10.1017/S136898001400113X</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24892213">24892213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Health+Nutrition&rft.atitle=A+new+understanding+of+the+relationship+between+sugars%2C+dental+caries+and+fluoride+use%3A+implications+for+limits+on+sugars+consumption.&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=2176-84&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS136898001400113X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24892213&rft.aulast=Sheiham&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=James%2C+WP&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS136898001400113X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFTwetman2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Twetman, S (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4580782">"The evidence base for professional and self-care prevention--caries, erosion and sensitivity"</a>. <i>BMC Oral Health</i>. 15 Suppl 1: S4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1472-6831-15-S1-S4">10.1186/1472-6831-15-S1-S4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4580782">4580782</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26392204">26392204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Oral+Health&rft.atitle=The+evidence+base+for+professional+and+self-care+prevention--caries%2C+erosion+and+sensitivity&rft.volume=15+Suppl+1&rft.pages=S4&rft.date=2015&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4580782%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26392204&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1472-6831-15-S1-S4&rft.aulast=Twetman&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4580782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFTwetmanDhar2015" class="citation journal cs1">Twetman, S; Dhar, V (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/aapd/pd/2015/00000037/00000003/art00005">"Evidence of Effectiveness of Current Therapies to Prevent and Treat Early Childhood Caries"</a>. <i>Pediatric Dentistry</i>. <b>37</b> (3): 246–53. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26063553">26063553</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170328022551/http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/aapd/pd/2015/00000037/00000003/art00005">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-03-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatric+Dentistry&rft.atitle=Evidence+of+Effectiveness+of+Current+Therapies+to+Prevent+and+Treat+Early+Childhood+Caries&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=246-53&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26063553&rft.aulast=Twetman&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Dhar%2C+V&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Faapd%2Fpd%2F2015%2F00000037%2F00000003%2Fart00005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFRiley_P,_Moore_D,_Ahmed_F,_Sharif_MO,_Worthington_HV2015" class="citation journal cs1">Riley P, Moore D, Ahmed F, Sharif MO, Worthington HV (March 2015). "Xylitol-containing products for preventing dental caries in children and adults". <i>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i> (3): CD010743. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD010743.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD010743.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25809586">25809586</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Xylitol-containing+products+for+preventing+dental+caries+in+children+and+adults&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=CD010743&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD010743.pub2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25809586&rft.au=Riley+P%2C+Moore+D%2C+Ahmed+F%2C+Sharif+MO%2C+Worthington+HV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMejareLingstromPeterssonHolm2003" class="citation journal cs1">Mejare I, Lingstrom P, Petersson LG, Holm AK, Twetman S, Kallestal C, Nordenram G, Lagerlof F, Soder B, Norlund A, Axelsson S, Dahlgren H (2003). "Caries-preventive effect of fissure sealants: a systematic review". <i>Acta Odontologica Scandinavica</i>. <b>61</b> (6): 321–330. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00016350310007581">10.1080/00016350310007581</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14960003">14960003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57252105">57252105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Odontologica+Scandinavica&rft.atitle=Caries-preventive+effect+of+fissure+sealants%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=321-330&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57252105%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14960003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00016350310007581&rft.aulast=Mejare&rft.aufirst=I&rft.au=Lingstrom%2C+P&rft.au=Petersson%2C+LG&rft.au=Holm%2C+AK&rft.au=Twetman%2C+S&rft.au=Kallestal%2C+C&rft.au=Nordenram%2C+G&rft.au=Lagerlof%2C+F&rft.au=Soder%2C+B&rft.au=Norlund%2C+A&rft.au=Axelsson%2C+S&rft.au=Dahlgren%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAhovuo-SalorantaForssHiiriNordblad2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ahovuo-Saloranta, Anneli; Forss, Helena; Hiiri, Anne; Nordblad, Anne; Mäkelä, Marjukka (2016-01-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7177291">"Pit and fissure sealants versus fluoride varnishes for preventing dental decay in the permanent teeth of children and adolescents"</a>. <i>The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i> (1): CD003067. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD003067.pub4">10.1002/14651858.CD003067.pub4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-493X">1469-493X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7177291">7177291</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26780162">26780162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Pit+and+fissure+sealants+versus+fluoride+varnishes+for+preventing+dental+decay+in+the+permanent+teeth+of+children+and+adolescents&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=CD003067&rft.date=2016-01-18&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7177291%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1469-493X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26780162&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD003067.pub4&rft.aulast=Ahovuo-Saloranta&rft.aufirst=Anneli&rft.au=Forss%2C+Helena&rft.au=Hiiri%2C+Anne&rft.au=Nordblad%2C+Anne&rft.au=M%C3%A4kel%C3%A4%2C+Marjukka&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7177291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nanci">Nanci</a>, p. 7</span>
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<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAJeevarathanMuthuPrabhu_V2008" class="citation journal cs1">A, Deepti; Jeevarathan, J; Muthu, MS; Prabhu V, Rathna; Chamundeswari (2008-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4086538">"Effect of Fluoride Varnish on Streptococcus mutans Count in Saliva of Caries Free Children Using Dentocult SM Strip Mutans Test: A Randomized Controlled Triple Blind Study"</a>. <i>International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5005%2Fjp-journals-10005-1001">10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0974-7052">0974-7052</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4086538">4086538</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25206081">25206081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Clinical+Pediatric+Dentistry&rft.atitle=Effect+of+Fluoride+Varnish+on+Streptococcus+mutans+Count+in+Saliva+of+Caries+Free+Children+Using+Dentocult+SM+Strip+Mutans+Test%3A+A+Randomized+Controlled+Triple+Blind+Study&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4086538%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0974-7052&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25206081&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5005%2Fjp-journals-10005-1001&rft.aulast=A&rft.aufirst=Deepti&rft.au=Jeevarathan%2C+J&rft.au=Muthu%2C+MS&rft.au=Prabhu+V%2C+Rathna&rft.au=Chamundeswari&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4086538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross, Michael H., Kaye, Gordon I. and Pawlina, Wojciech (2003). <i>Histology: A Text and Atlas</i>. 4th edition, p. 453. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-683-30242-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-683-30242-6">0-683-30242-6</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-:1-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_125-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_125-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFTakahashiOtaHoshiNaito2015" class="citation journal cs1">Takahashi, Rena; Ota, Erika; Hoshi, Keika; Naito, Toru; Toyoshima, Yoshihiro; Yuasa, Hidemichi; Mori, Rintaro (2015). Mori, Rintaro (ed.). "Fluoride supplementation in pregnant women for preventing dental caries in the primary teeth of their children". <i>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i> (8): CD011850. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.cd011850">10.1002/14651858.cd011850</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Fluoride+supplementation+in+pregnant+women+for+preventing+dental+caries+in+the+primary+teeth+of+their+children&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=CD011850&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.cd011850&rft.aulast=Takahashi&rft.aufirst=Rena&rft.au=Ota%2C+Erika&rft.au=Hoshi%2C+Keika&rft.au=Naito%2C+Toru&rft.au=Toyoshima%2C+Yoshihiro&rft.au=Yuasa%2C+Hidemichi&rft.au=Mori%2C+Rintaro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Limited evidence suggests fluoride varnish applied twice yearly is effective for caries prevention in children at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203023447/http://ebd.ada.org/SystematicReviewSummaryPage.aspx?srId=876816cd-5f69-4bd5-b320-3502a1bbd8ea">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebd.ada.org/SystematicReviewSummaryPage.aspx?srId=876816cd-5f69-4bd5-b320-3502a1bbd8ea">the original</a> on 2013-12-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febd.ada.org%2FSystematicReviewSummaryPage.aspx%3FsrId%3D876816cd-5f69-4bd5-b320-3502a1bbd8ea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSantosOliveiraNadanovsky2013" class="citation journal cs1">Santos, A. P. P.; Oliveira, B. H.; Nadanovsky, P. (2013-01-01). "Effects of low and standard fluoride toothpastes on caries and fluorosis: systematic review and meta-analysis". <i>Caries Research</i>. <b>47</b> (5): 382–390. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000348492">10.1159/000348492</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1421-976X">1421-976X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23572031">23572031</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207625475">207625475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Caries+Research&rft.atitle=Effects+of+low+and+standard+fluoride+toothpastes+on+caries+and+fluorosis%3A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=382-390&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft.issn=1421-976X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207625475%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23572031&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000348492&rft.aulast=Santos&rft.aufirst=A.+P.+P.&rft.au=Oliveira%2C+B.+H.&rft.au=Nadanovsky%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Dental_Association_Council_on_Scientific_Affairs2014" class="citation journal cs1">American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs (February 2014). "Fluoride toothpaste use for young children". <i>The Journal of the American Dental Association</i>. <b>145</b> (2): 190–191. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14219%2Fjada.2013.47">10.14219/jada.2013.47</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8177">0002-8177</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24487611">24487611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+American+Dental+Association&rft.atitle=Fluoride+toothpaste+use+for+young+children&rft.volume=145&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=190-191&rft.date=2014-02&rft.issn=0002-8177&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24487611&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14219%2Fjada.2013.47&rft.au=American+Dental+Association+Council+on+Scientific+Affairs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-PreventionToolkit2-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PreventionToolkit2_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100810041346/http://dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/documents/digitalasset/dh_102982.pdf">"Delivering Better Oral Health: An evidence-based toolkit for prevention, second edition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Department of Health / British Association for the Study of Community Dentistry. April 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/documents/digitalasset/dh_102982.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-08-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Delivering+Better+Oral+Health%3A+An+evidence-based+toolkit+for+prevention%2C+second+edition&rft.pub=Department+of+Health+%2F+British+Association+for+the+Study+of+Community+Dentistry&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdh.gov.uk%2Fprod_consum_dh%2Fgroups%2Fdh_digitalassets%2Fdocuments%2Fdigitalasset%2Fdh_102982.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:02-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdcep.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/SDCEP_PM_Dental_Caries_Full_Guidance1.pdf">"Prevention and management of dental caries in children: Dental clinical guidance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>sdcep.co.uk</i>. April 2010. pp. 6–7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005142226/http://www.sdcep.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/SDCEP_PM_Dental_Caries_Full_Guidance1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sdcep.co.uk&rft.atitle=Prevention+and+management+of+dental+caries+in+children%3A+Dental+clinical+guidance&rft.pages=6-7&rft.date=2010-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sdcep.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F03%2FSDCEP_PM_Dental_Caries_Full_Guidance1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFWalshOliveira-NetoMoore2015" class="citation journal cs1">Walsh, Tanya; Oliveira-Neto, Jeronimo M; Moore, Deborah (2015-04-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008457.pub2">"Chlorhexidine treatment for the prevention of dental caries in children and adolescents"</a>. <i>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i> (4): CD008457. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.cd008457.pub2">10.1002/14651858.cd008457.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1465-1858">1465-1858</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25867816">25867816</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Chlorhexidine+treatment+for+the+prevention+of+dental+caries+in+children+and+adolescents&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=CD008457&rft.date=2015-04-13&rft.issn=1465-1858&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25867816&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.cd008457.pub2&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Tanya&rft.au=Oliveira-Neto%2C+Jeronimo+M&rft.au=Moore%2C+Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD008457.pub2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdcep.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/SDCEP_PM_Dental_Caries_Full_Guidance1.pdf">"Prevention and management of dental caries in children: Dental clinical guidance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>sdcep.co.uk</i>. April 2010. pp. 6–7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005142226/http://www.sdcep.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/SDCEP_PM_Dental_Caries_Full_Guidance1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sdcep.co.uk&rft.atitle=Prevention+and+management+of+dental+caries+in+children%3A+Dental+clinical+guidance&rft.pages=6-7&rft.date=2010-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sdcep.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F03%2FSDCEP_PM_Dental_Caries_Full_Guidance1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFRussellChilders,_NKMichalek,_SMSmith,_DJ2004" class="citation journal cs1">Russell, MW; Childers, NK; Michalek, SM; Smith, DJ; Taubman, MA (May–Jun 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000077759">"A Caries Vaccine? The state of the science of immunization against dental caries"</a>. <i>Caries Research</i>. <b>38</b> (3): 230–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000077759">10.1159/000077759</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15153693">15153693</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5238758">5238758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Caries+Research&rft.atitle=A+Caries+Vaccine%3F+The+state+of+the+science+of+immunization+against+dental+caries&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=230-5&rft.date=2004-05%2F2004-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5238758%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15153693&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000077759&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=MW&rft.au=Childers%2C+NK&rft.au=Michalek%2C+SM&rft.au=Smith%2C+DJ&rft.au=Taubman%2C+MA&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1159%252F000077759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFChibaIsogaiKobayashi-SakamotoMizugai2011" class="citation journal cs1">Chiba, Itsuo; Isogai, Hiroshi; Kobayashi-Sakamoto, Michiyo; Mizugai, Hiroyuki; Hirose, Kimiharu; Isogai, Emiko; Nakano, Taku; Icatlo, Faustino C.; Nguyen, Sa V. (2011-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jada.ada.org/article/S0002-8177(14)62069-9/abstract">"Anti–cell-associated glucosyltransferase immunoglobulin Y suppression of salivary mutans streptococci in healthy young adults"</a>. <i>The Journal of the American Dental Association</i>. <b>142</b> (8): 943–949. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14219%2Fjada.archive.2011.0301">10.14219/jada.archive.2011.0301</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8177">0002-8177</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21804061">21804061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+American+Dental+Association&rft.atitle=Anti%E2%80%93cell-associated+glucosyltransferase+immunoglobulin+Y+suppression+of+salivary+mutans+streptococci+in+healthy+young+adults&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=943-949&rft.date=2011-08-01&rft.issn=0002-8177&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21804061&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14219%2Fjada.archive.2011.0301&rft.aulast=Chiba&rft.aufirst=Itsuo&rft.au=Isogai%2C+Hiroshi&rft.au=Kobayashi-Sakamoto%2C+Michiyo&rft.au=Mizugai%2C+Hiroyuki&rft.au=Hirose%2C+Kimiharu&rft.au=Isogai%2C+Emiko&rft.au=Nakano%2C+Taku&rft.au=Icatlo%2C+Faustino+C.&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+Sa+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjada.ada.org%2Farticle%2FS0002-8177%2814%2962069-9%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFOle_FejerskovEdwina_Kidd2004" class="citation book cs1">Ole Fejerskov; Edwina Kidd (2004). <i>Dental caries : the disease and its clinical management</i>. Copenhagen [u.a.]: Blackwell Munksgaard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405107181" title="Special:BookSources/9781405107181"><bdi>9781405107181</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dental+caries+%3A+the+disease+and+its+clinical+management&rft.place=Copenhagen+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pub=Blackwell+Munksgaard&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781405107181&rft.au=Ole+Fejerskov&rft.au=Edwina+Kidd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ada.org/public/topics/anesthesia_faq.asp">Oral Health Topics: Anesthesia Frequently Asked Questions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060716134755/http://www.ada.org/public/topics/anesthesia_faq.asp">Archived</a> 2006-07-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, hosted on the American Dental Association website. Page accessed August 16, 2006.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-summit128-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-summit128_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summit, James B., J. William Robbins, and Richard S. Schwartz. "Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry: A Contemporary Approach." 2nd edition. Carol Stream, Illinois, Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc, 2001, p. 128. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86715-382-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-86715-382-2">0-86715-382-2</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMontedoriAbrahaOrsod'Errico2016" class="citation journal cs1">Montedori, Alessandro; Abraha, Iosief; Orso, Massimiliano; d'Errico, Potito Giuseppe; Pagano, Stefano; Lombardo, Guido (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6457657">"Lasers for caries removal in deciduous and permanent teeth"</a>. <i>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>2016</b> (9): CD010229. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.cd010229.pub2">10.1002/14651858.cd010229.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6457657">6457657</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27666123">27666123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Lasers+for+caries+removal+in+deciduous+and+permanent+teeth&rft.volume=2016&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=CD010229&rft.date=2016&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6457657%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27666123&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.cd010229.pub2&rft.aulast=Montedori&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft.au=Abraha%2C+Iosief&rft.au=Orso%2C+Massimiliano&rft.au=d%27Errico%2C+Potito+Giuseppe&rft.au=Pagano%2C+Stefano&rft.au=Lombardo%2C+Guido&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6457657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Huang_Kim_Arce_Lawson_2019-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Huang_Kim_Arce_Lawson_2019_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHuangKimArceLawson2019" class="citation journal cs1">Huang, CT; Kim, J; Arce, C; Lawson, NC (2019). "Intraoral Air Abrasion: A Review of Devices, Materials, Evidence, and Clinical Applications in Restorative Dentistry". <i>Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry (Jamesburg, N.J. : 1995)</i>. <b>40</b> (8): 508–514. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1548-8578">1548-8578</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31478697">31478697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Compendium+of+Continuing+Education+in+Dentistry+%28Jamesburg%2C+N.J.+%3A+1995%29&rft.atitle=Intraoral+Air+Abrasion%3A+A+Review+of+Devices%2C+Materials%2C+Evidence%2C+and+Clinical+Applications+in+Restorative+Dentistry.&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=508-514&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31478697&rft.issn=1548-8578&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=CT&rft.au=Kim%2C+J&rft.au=Arce%2C+C&rft.au=Lawson%2C+NC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-DCPPtx-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DCPPtx_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=dcp2.section.5402">Aspects of Treatment of Cavities and of Caries Disease</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207004539/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=dcp2.section.5402">Archived</a> 2008-12-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" from the Disease Control Priorities Project. Page accessed August 15, 2006.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-DCPP-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DCPP_150-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCPP_150-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCPP_150-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=dcp2.section.5380">Dental caries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207004534/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=dcp2.section.5380">Archived</a> 2008-12-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", from the Disease Control Priorities Project. Page accessed August 15, 2006.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Tougersugars-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tougersugars_153-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tougersugars_153-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFTouger-Deckervan_Loveren2003" class="citation journal cs1">Touger-Decker R, van Loveren C (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F78.4.881S">"Sugars and dental caries"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</i>. <b>78</b> (4): 881S–892S. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F78.4.881S">10.1093/ajcn/78.4.881S</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14522753">14522753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Clinical+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Sugars+and+dental+caries&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=881S-892S&rft.date=2003-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fajcn%2F78.4.881S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14522753&rft.aulast=Touger-Decker&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=van+Loveren%2C+C&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fajcn%252F78.4.881S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-DCPPchart-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DCPPchart_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=dcp2.table.5381">Table 38.1. Mean DMFT and SiC Index of 12-Year-Olds for Some Countries, by Ascending Order of DMFT</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207004544/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=dcp2.table.5381">Archived</a> 2008-12-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", from the Disease Control Priorities Project. Page accessed January 8, 2007.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFTowleIrishGroote2017" class="citation journal cs1">Towle, Ian; Irish, Joel D.; Groote, Isabelle De (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320042869">"Dental pathology, wear, and developmental defects in fossil hominins and extant primates"</a>. <i>ResearchGate</i>. Unpublished. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13140%2FRG.2.2.21395.99369">10.13140/RG.2.2.21395.99369</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=Dental+pathology%2C+wear%2C+and+developmental+defects+in+fossil+hominins+and+extant+primates&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13140%2FRG.2.2.21395.99369&rft.aulast=Towle&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Irish%2C+Joel+D.&rft.au=Groote%2C+Isabelle+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F320042869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFTayles_N.Domett_K.Nelsen_K.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Tayles N.; Domett K.; Nelsen K. (2000). "Agriculture and dental caries? The case of rice in prehistoric Southeast Asia". <i>World Archaeology</i>. <b>32</b> (1): 68–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F004382400409899">10.1080/004382400409899</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16475298">16475298</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43087099">43087099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Agriculture+and+dental+caries%3F+The+case+of+rice+in+prehistoric+Southeast+Asia&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=68-83&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43087099%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16475298&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F004382400409899&rft.au=Tayles+N.&rft.au=Domett+K.&rft.au=Nelsen+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-adahistory-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adahistory_163-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adahistory_163-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ada.org/public/resources/history/timeline_ancient.asp">History of Dentistry: Ancient Origins</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5QNWCvbtm?url=http://www.ada.org/public/resources/history/timeline_ancient.asp">Archived</a> 2007-07-16 at <a href="/wiki/WebCite" title="WebCite">WebCite</a>, hosted on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ada.org">American Dental Association</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050103091212/http://www.ada.org/">Archived</a> 2005-01-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> website. Page accessed January 9, 2007.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFCoppaBondioliCucina2006" class="citation journal cs1">Coppa A, Bondioli L, Cucina A, et al. (April 2006). "Palaeontology: early Neolithic tradition of dentistry". <i>Nature</i>. <b>440</b> (7085): 755–6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.440..755C">2006Natur.440..755C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F440755a">10.1038/440755a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16598247">16598247</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6787162">6787162</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/12168308">Lay summary</a> – <i>Associated Press</i> (April 5, 2006).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Palaeontology%3A+early+Neolithic+tradition+of+dentistry&rft.volume=440&rft.issue=7085&rft.pages=755-6&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F440755a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6787162%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16598247&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Natur.440..755C&rft.aulast=Coppa&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Bondioli%2C+L&rft.au=Cucina%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite uses deprecated parameter <code class="cs1-code">|lay-url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#deprecated_params" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAnderson_T2004" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson T (October 2004). "Dental treatment in Medieval England". <i>British Dental Journal</i>. <b>197</b> (7): 419–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.bdj.4811723">10.1038/sj.bdj.4811723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15475905">15475905</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25691109">25691109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Dental+Journal&rft.atitle=Dental+treatment+in+Medieval+England&rft.volume=197&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=419-25&rft.date=2004-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25691109%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15475905&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.bdj.4811723&rft.au=Anderson+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elliott, Jane (October 8, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3722598.stm">Medieval teeth 'better than Baldrick's'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070111081501/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3722598.stm">Archived</a> 2007-01-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC news.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGerabek_WE1999" class="citation journal cs1">Gerabek WE (March 1999). "The tooth-worm: historical aspects of a popular medical belief". <i>Clinical Oral Investigations</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs007840050070">10.1007/s007840050070</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10522185">10522185</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6077189">6077189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Oral+Investigations&rft.atitle=The+tooth-worm%3A+historical+aspects+of+a+popular+medical+belief&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=1999-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6077189%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10522185&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs007840050070&rft.au=Gerabek+WE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCauley, H. Berton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fauchard.org/dentalworld/2001/DW.08/DWpfaAug01-page1.htm">Pierre Fauchard (1678–1761)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070404085126/http://fauchard.org/dentalworld/2001/DW.08/DWpfaAug01-page1.htm">Archived</a> 2007-04-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, hosted on the Pierre Fauchard Academy website. The excerpt comes from a speech given at a Maryland PFA Meeting on March 13, 2001. Page accessed January 17, 2007.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKleinberg_I2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kleinberg I (1 March 2002). "A mixed-bacteria ecological approach to understanding the role of the oral bacteria in dental caries causation: an alternative to Streptococcus mutans and the specific-plaque hypothesis". <i>Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 108–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F154411130201300202">10.1177/154411130201300202</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12097354">12097354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Reviews+in+Oral+Biology+%26+Medicine&rft.atitle=A+mixed-bacteria+ecological+approach+to+understanding+the+role+of+the+oral+bacteria+in+dental+caries+causation%3A+an+alternative+to+Streptococcus+mutans+and+the+specific-plaque+hypothesis&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=108-25&rft.date=2002-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F154411130201300202&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12097354&rft.au=Kleinberg+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBaehniGuggenheim1996" class="citation journal cs1">Baehni PC, Guggenheim B (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/1662/1/Baehni1996.pdf">"Potential of diagnostic microbiology for treatment and prognosis of dental caries and periodontal diseases"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine</i>. <b>7</b> (3): 259–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F10454411960070030401">10.1177/10454411960070030401</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8909881">8909881</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Reviews+in+Oral+Biology+%26+Medicine&rft.atitle=Potential+of+diagnostic+microbiology+for+treatment+and+prognosis+of+dental+caries+and+periodontal+diseases&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=259-77&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F10454411960070030401&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8909881&rft.aulast=Baehni&rft.aufirst=PC&rft.au=Guggenheim%2C+B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zora.uzh.ch%2Fid%2Feprint%2F1662%2F1%2FBaehni1996.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHiremath2011" class="citation book cs1">Hiremath, S. S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tz9cWJ3yUycC&pg=PP145"><i>Textbook of Preventive and Community Dentistry</i></a>. Elsevier India. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788131225301" title="Special:BookSources/9788131225301"><bdi>9788131225301</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbook+of+Preventive+and+Community+Dentistry&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Elsevier+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9788131225301&rft.aulast=Hiremath&rft.aufirst=S.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTz9cWJ3yUycC%26pg%3DPP145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Selwitz-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Selwitz_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSelwitzIsmailPitts2007" class="citation journal cs1">Selwitz RH, Ismail AI, Pitts NB (January 2007). "Dental caries". <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>369</b> (9555): 51–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2807%2960031-2">10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60031-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17208642">17208642</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204616785">204616785</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Dental+caries&rft.volume=369&rft.issue=9555&rft.pages=51-9&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A204616785%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17208642&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2807%2960031-2&rft.aulast=Selwitz&rft.aufirst=RH&rft.au=Ismail%2C+AI&rft.au=Pitts%2C+NB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Dorlands_caries-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dorlands_caries_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFElsevier" class="citation cs2">Elsevier, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dorlands.com/"><i>Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dorland%27s+Illustrated+Medical+Dictionary&rft.au=Elsevier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dorlands.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sdvint.com/o-zhurnale/?lang=en">"Dentistry for All / International Dental Review – General Info"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-26</span></span>. <q>...Head of Cariesology and Endodontics Department...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dentistry+for+All+%2F+International+Dental+Review+%E2%80%93+General+Info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsdvint.com%2Fo-zhurnale%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mu-varna.bg/EN/AboutUs/Dentistry">"The Faculty of Dental Medicine"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Faculty+of+Dental+Medicine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmu-varna.bg%2FEN%2FAboutUs%2FDentistry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cariology">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Cariology" entry"</a>. thefreedictionary.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Cariology%22+entry&rft.pub=thefreedictionary.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com%2Fcariology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFListlGallowayMosseyMarcenes2015" class="citation journal cs1">Listl, S.; Galloway, J.; Mossey, P. A.; Marcenes, W. (28 August 2015). "Global Economic Impact of Dental Diseases". <i>Journal of Dental Research</i>. <b>94</b> (10): 1355–1361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022034515602879">10.1177/0022034515602879</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26318590">26318590</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39147394">39147394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dental+Research&rft.atitle=Global+Economic+Impact+of+Dental+Diseases&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1355-1361&rft.date=2015-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39147394%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26318590&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022034515602879&rft.aulast=Listl&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Galloway%2C+J.&rft.au=Mossey%2C+P.+A.&rft.au=Marcenes%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061013002204/http://www.avds-online.org/info/cavities.html">"AVDS Cavities information page — Dog Tooth Health — Cat Tooth Health"</a>. American Veterinary Dental Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avds-online.org/info/cavities.html">the original</a> on 13 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AVDS+Cavities+information+page+%E2%80%94+Dog+Tooth+Health+%E2%80%94+Cat+Tooth+Health&rft.pub=American+Veterinary+Dental+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avds-online.org%2Finfo%2Fcavities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth_decay&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Cited sources">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="Nanci" class="citation book cs1">Nanci, A. (2013). <i>Ten Cate's Oral Histology</i>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0323078467" title="Special:BookSources/978-0323078467"><bdi>978-0323078467</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ten+Cate%27s+Oral+Histology&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0323078467&rft.au=Nanci%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATooth+decay" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tooth_decay&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 0.8em 0.8em; width: 18.55em; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 87%; clear: right; line-height:1.3em; background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;float:right;"><div style="float:left;"><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Project_Med/App" title="meta:Wiki Project Med/App"><img alt="The offline app allows you to download all of Wikipedia's medical articles in an app to access them when you have no Internet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Tango_Phone_medapp.svg/42px-Tango_Phone_medapp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="47" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Tango_Phone_medapp.svg/63px-Tango_Phone_medapp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Tango_Phone_medapp.svg/84px-Tango_Phone_medapp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="42" data-file-height="47" /></a></div><div style="float:left;width:6px;padding:1px;height:47px;"></div>Wikipedia's health care articles can be viewed offline with the <b><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Project_Med/App" class="extiw" title="meta:Wiki Project Med/App">Medical Wikipedia app</a></b>.</div>
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<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
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<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dental_caries" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dental caries">Dental caries</a></span>.</td></tr>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Health/Dentistry/Conditions_and_Diseases/Dental_Caries/">Tooth decay</a> at <a href="/wiki/Curlie" class="mw-redirect" title="Curlie">Curlie</a></li>
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<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/hygiene/disease/dental_caries.html">Centers for Disease Control: Dental Caries</a></li></ul>
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interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari_dant%C3%A8" title="Kari dantè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Тиштин чириши – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavum_dentis" title="Cavum dentis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zobu_puve" title="Zobu puve – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dant%C5%B3_%C4%97duonis" title="Dantų ėduonis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fogszuvasod%C3%A1s" title="Fogszuvasodás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Кариес – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ദന്തക്ഷയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%AF" title="दंतक्षय – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosakan_gigi" title="Kerosakan gigi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB" title="သွားပိုးစားရောဂါ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cari%C3%ABs" title="Cariës – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87" title="दाँतमा किरा लाग्ने – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%86%E8%9D%95" title="う蝕 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karies" title="Karies – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karies" title="Karies – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4_%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%9F" title="ଦନ୍ତ କ୍ଷୟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tish_chirishi" title="Tish chirishi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3chnica_z%C4%99b%C3%B3w" title="Próchnica zębów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1rie_dent%C3%A1ria" title="Cárie dentária – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carie_dentar%C4%83" title="Carie dentară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiru_ismu" title="Kiru ismu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Кариес зубов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Кариес – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kariesi_dentar" title="Kariesi dentar – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8" title="දත් දිරායාම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_caries" title="Dental caries – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubn%C3%BD_kaz" title="Zubný kaz – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کلۆربوونی ددان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Каријес – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karijes" title="Karijes – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karies" title="Karies – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karies" title="Karies – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulok_na_ngipin" title="Bulok na ngipin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88" title="பற்சொத்தை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%88_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Теш кариесы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча/tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D3%AF%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пӯсидагии дандон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C3%BCr%C3%BCk" title="Çürük – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%94%D1%81_%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Карієс зубів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2u_r%C4%83ng" title="Sâu răng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A5taedje_d%27_on_dint" title="Gåtaedje d' on dint – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BE%8B%E9%BD%BF" title="龋齿 – Wu Chinese" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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